/* ------------ Main default taxonomy of WebKB-2 on the 24/02/2004 ------------ URL: http://meganesia.int.gu.edu.au/~phmartin/WebKB2/top_categ.ft Documentation: http://www.webkb.org/doc/papers/iccs03/ Links: < (subtypeOf), > (subtype), ^ (instanceOf), : (instance), = (equal), - (inverse), ! (simple exclusion), / (closed exclusion: the two linked types are exclusive and either are respectively identical to pm#thing and pm#nothing or they subtype a same type and form a complete subtype partition), ~ (closely similar from an Information Retrieval viewpoint; such links are currently only used between categories for Greek gods and their Roman counterparts, and between some types from the 3D (endurantist) approach and their counterparts from the 4D (perdurantist) approach or the ?D (vague/unspecified) approach) % (related: this fuzzy link is used in the SUMO and hence is used below but only from/to a category from the SUMO) L (locationOf), l (location), M (memberOf), m (member), S (substanceOf), s (substance), P (partOf), p (spatial_part/subprocess), U (urlOf), u (url), O (objectOf), o (object/experiencer), I (inputOf), i (input), R (resultOf), r (result) A (agentOf), a (agent), T (toolOf), t (tool/technique/instrument/method/task?) //not used anymore: N (nounTypeOf), n (nounType) //The links of the last 2 lines are not used below. This file includes 2 parts: 1) Top-level concept types/instances from users. 2) Relation types. --------------------------------------------------------------- */ //================ 1) Top-level concept types/instances from users ================ //The facts that the classes pm#thing, owl#nothing and sumo#class //are instance of themselves are not represented (nor is the fact that //pm#thing is instance of sumo#class) owl#nothing__impossibility__absurdity__bottom_type (^the type of logically impossible objects (not of imaginary objects such as unicorns); this type cannot have any instance or subtype^) > daml#empty , //?? / pm#thing , = kif#bottom sowa#absurdity ; pm#thing__something__universal__T__top_type__3D_or_4D_thing_or_anything_else (^$(many specializations; distinct T)$ any object is instance of this type; any type is also a subtype of this type^) > {(pm#situation pm#entity )} {(pm#thing_playing_some_role sowa#independent_thing)} {(sumo#physical sumo#abstract )} {(sowa#continuant sowa#occurrent )} {(pm#undivisible_thing pm#divisible_thing )} {(pm#individual pm#type )} {3D#thing 4D#thing }, / owl#nothing , = owl#thing sumo#entity sowa#entity rdfs#resource ; pm#situation (^$(many specializations; distinction S)$ something that "occurs" in a real/imaginary region of time and space^) > {(pm#state pm#process )} {(dolce#stative dolce#event )} sumo#process sowa#process sowa#participation sowa#situation pm#situation_playing_some_role , //#event and #phenomenon are now subtype of sumo#process = dolce#perdurant__occurence__PD (pm); pm#state (^$(distinct)$ situation not changing and not making a change during a given period of time^) > #state #feeling pm#state_playing_some_role ; pm#process (^$(many specializations; distinct P)$ situation that makes a change during some period of time^) > pm#event pm#problem_solving_process #cognitive_process #unconscious_process #human_action pm#process_playing_a_role ; pm#event (^process considered instantaneous from some viewpoint; classification under this category is application-dependant^); pm#problem_solving_process (^cognitive activity to solve a problem^) > pm#task ; //pm#problem_solving_method ; pm#task (^processes modelled in knowledge acquisition, e.g. a diagnostic^) > pm#real_life_task ; pm#real_life_task (^a task composed of more basic tasks^) > pm#knowledge_engineering ; pm#knowledge_engineering (^making a knowledge based system^) > {pm#environment_analysis pm#problem_analysis pm#task_analysis pm#function_analysis pm#implementation_analysis } pm#knowledge_engineering_with_KADS ; pm#knowledge_engineering_with_KADS (^making a knowledge based system using KADS methodology^); //pm#problem_solving_method__PSM (^PSMs can be seen as task descriptions used by tasks or as problem solving processes^); sowa#process__physical_independent_occurrent__spatially_located_process (^click here for details^); dolce#stative__STV (^as opposed to eventive occurrences, the sum of two stative occurences is the same kind of occurrence, e.g. the sum of 2 sittings is a sitting^) > {(dolce#state dolce#process )}; dolce#state__ST (^stative occurence with all its parts being the same kind of stative occurrence, e.g. sitting, being red^); dolce#process__PRO (^eventive occurence with some parts not being the same kind of stative occurrence, e.g. running, writing^); dolce#event__EV (^as opposed to stative occurrences, the sum of two eventive occurences is not the same kind of occurrence^) > {(dolce#achievement dolce#accomplishment )}; dolce#achievement__ACH (^atomic eventive occurence, e.g reaching a summit, a departure, a death^); dolce#accomplishment__ACC (^non atomic eventive occurence, e.g a conference, an ascent, a performance^); sumo#process__physical_situation (^intuitively, the class of things that happen and have temporal parts or stages; examples include extended events like a football match or a race, actions like pursuing and reading, and biological processes; sumo#process is not identical to pm#situation because an instance of pm#situation is not necessarily an instance of sumo#physical^) > #state #feeling #cognitive_process #unconscious_process #human_action #phenomenon #event ; // pm#phenomenon (^situation known through the senses rather than by reasoning^) // > #phenomenon ; sowa#situation__physical_mediating_occurrent__spatially_located_situation (^click here for details^); pm#situation_playing_some_role (^$(distinct)$ e.g. a causal situation^) > pm#process_playing_a_role #resultant #outcome #evidence.situation ; pm#entity (^$(many specializations; distinct E)$ something that can be "involved" in a situation^) > {(sumo#object sumo#abstract )} {(pm#spatial_object pm#non_spatial_object )} {(pm#undivisible_entity pm#divisible_entity )} dolce#endurant pm#entity_playing_some_role ; sumo#object__entity_with_spatial_feature (^$(many specializations)$ spatial object (space, location or physical object) or description medium/container (e.g. string, language, image); in a 4D ontology, an object is something whose spatiotemporal extent is thought of as dividing into spatial parts roughly parallel to the time-axis^) > {(pm#spatial_object sumo#content_bearing_object )} sumo#self_connected_object sumo#collection ; //pm#description_medium pm#description_container pm#spatial_object (^$(many specializations; distinct O)$ spatial region, shape, or physical object^) > pm#space dolce#physical_endurant sowa#object ; pm#space (^$(many specializations; distinction s)$ point or extent in space^) > sumo#region dolce#feature #space #location #natural_enclosure #expanse #sky #shape ; //dolce#spatial_location is a quality sumo#region (^topographic location, e.g. object surface, imaginary place, and geographic_Area; a region is the only kind of object which can be sumo#located at itself; sumo#region is not a subclass of sumo#self_connected_object because some regions, e.g. archipelagos, have parts which are not connected with one another^); dolce#feature__F (^e.g. hole, gulf, bundary^); dolce#physical_endurant__PED (^$(many specializations)$ ^) > {(pm#physical_entity dolce#feature )}; pm#physical_entity__object (^$(many specializations; distinction o)$ spatial entity made of matter^) > dolce#physical_object pm#physical_entity_part_or_substance ; dolce#physical_object__POB > {(dolce#agentive_physical_object dolce#non-agentive_physical_object )}, ! sumo#substance ; dolce#agentive_physical_object__APO > pm#entity_that_can_be_alive , = sumo#agent ; pm#entity_that_can_be_alive (^$(many specializations; distinction l)$ e.g. an animal, a cell^) > pm#living_physical_entity #living_thing #cell ; pm#living_physical_entity (^physical entity that is currently alive^) // > #living.people , //no: people is a collection ! pm#dead_physical_entity ; //because of the "undead", '/' cannot be used dolce#non-agentive_physical_object__NAPO (^$(many specializations; distinction)$ e.g. a bottle^) > pm#dead_physical_entity #physical_object ; pm#dead_physical_entity (^physical_entity that is no more alive^) // > #dead.people , //no: people is a collection ! pm#living_physical_entity ; pm#physical_entity_part_or_substance > sumo#substance #substance #physical_part #building_block ; //#part.physical_object is now < #physical_part sumo#substance__amount_of_matter__divisible_entity_without_discrete_parts (^object in which every part is similar to every other in every relevant respect; more precisely, something is a substance when it has only arbitrary pieces as parts - any part has properties which are similar to those of the whole; note that a substance may nonetheless have physical properties that vary, e.g. the temperature, chemical constitution, density, etc. may change from one part to another; examples: body of water, air, cement^) ! dolce#physical_object , = dolce#amount_of_matter__M ; sowa#object__physical_independent_continuant (^click here for details^) _ independent_spatial_object (pm); sumo#self_connected_object (^object that does not consist of two or more disconnected parts^) > {sumo#substance sumo#corpuscular_object } sumo#transit_way sumo#food ; sumo#corpuscular_object__composite_entity__divisible_entity_with_discrete_parts (^self_connected_object whose parts have properties that are not shared by the whole^) > pm#content_bearing_object sumo#organic_object sumo#artifact sowa#structure #whole_thing ; sumo#content_bearing_object (^a self_connected_object that expresses content; this content may be a sumo#proposition, e.g. when the content_bearing_object is a sentence or text, or it may be a representation of an abstract or physical object, as with an icon, a word or a phrase^) > {sumo#icon sumo#linguistic_expression } pm#string ; // % sumo#contains_information ; sumo#icon (^content bearing objects that are not languages and which have some sort of similarity with the objects that they represent, e.g. symbolic roadway signs, representational art works, photographs, etc^); sumo#linguistic_expression (^content bearing objects which are language-related, i.e. both languages and the elements of languages, e.g. words^) > sumo#word sumo#sentence sumo#language ; sumo#sentence (^syntactically well-formed formula of a language; it includes, at minimum, a predicate and a subject (which may be explicit or implicit), and it expresses a proposition^) > sumo#formula ; sumo#formula (^syntactically well-formed formula in the SUO-KIF knowledge representation language^); sumo#language (^system of signs for expressing thought; the system can be either natural or artificial, i.e. something that emerges gradually as a cultural artifact or something that is intentionally created by a person or group of people^) > {sumo#animal_language sumo#human_language sumo#artificial_language } #linguistic_communication , //to do: announce that I replaced sumo#computer_language by sumo#artificial_language since first is subtype of second in SUMO p #lexis (pm) #lexicon (pm); sumo#animal_language (^language used by animals other than humans^); sumo#human_language (^language used by humans^) > {sumo#natural_language sumo#constructed_language } {sumo#spoken_human_language sumo#manual_human_language }; sumo#artificial_language (^designed language^) > sumo#computer_language ; sumo#computer_language (^languages designed for and interpreted by a computer^); pm#string (^$(no menu)$ a string of characters^) > rdfs#XML_literal sumo#character , //'>' and 'm' or 'p' (sumo#part) = sumo#symbolic_string ; rdfs#XML_literal > rdfs#literal ; rdfs#literal > pm#name_string , = daml#literal (daml); pm#name_string = xmls#QName ; sumo#character (^element of an alphabet, a set of numerals, etc.; sumo#character is a subclass of sumo#symbolic_string, because every instance of sumo#character is an alphanumeric sequence consisting of a single element^) ; sowa#structure__physical_mediating_continuant (^click here for details^); sumo#collection__physical_collection (^such a collection has members like a class, but unlike a clas, it has a position in space-time and members can be added and subtracted without thereby changing the identity of the collection; some examples are toolkits, football teams, and flocks of sheep^); pm#non_spatial_object (^$(many specializations; distinct N)$ abstraction or description content/medium/container (a description medium that has some spatial feature is both instance of sumo#object and pm#non_spatial_object^) > pm#description_content/medium/container sumo#abstract ; pm#description_content/medium/container (^$(many specializations; distinct D)$ ^) > {pm#description pm#description_container }; pm#description (^description (content/medium) of an entity or a situation^) > pm#description_content pm#description_medium sowa#form ; pm#description_content__information (^$(distinction d)$ e.g. a narration, an hypothesis^) > pm#knowledge_representation sumo#proposition sowa#intention dolce#fact pm#narration pm#fact_generalization pm#description_with_KADS_inference_structure kads#role rdf#description #subject_matter #written_material #code.laws #public_knowledge #cognitive_factor #perception.cognition #cognitive_content #history.cognition #mental_attitude ; pm#knowledge_representation (^what a formal/semi-formal statement expresses^); sumo#proposition__abstract_relative_thing__situation_description (^click here for details^) > sowa#description sowa#history , = sowa#proposition ; sowa#description__abstract_relative_continuant (^click here for details^); sowa#history__abstract_relative_occurrent (^click here for details^); sowa#intention__abstract_mediating_thing (^click here for details^) > sowa#reason sowa#purpose ; sowa#reason__abstract_mediating_continuant (^click here for details^); sowa#purpose__abstract_mediating_occurrent (^click here for details^); pm#narration (^report, story, biography, etc.^); pm#fact_generalization (^description generalizing facts or ideas^); pm#description_with_KADS_inference_structure (^dataflow graph of "inferences" (tasks) the inputs/outputs of which are described by "roles"^); kads#role > kads#hypothesis kads#observable kads#finding kads#complaint kads#norm kads#difference kads#discrepancy_class kads#diagnosis_result kads#parameter kads#system_model kads#historical_data ; pm#description_medium (^$(distinction m)$ e.g. a syntax, a language, a script, a structure^) > sumo#content_bearing_object {pm#atomic_ADT pm#structured_ADT } #structure #communication #language_unit #symbolic_representation ; pm#atomic_ADT__atomic_abstract_data_type > sumo#number pm#boolean ; sumo#number (^$(no menu)$ ^) > {sumo#real_number sumo#imaginary_number sumo#complex_number }, = kif#number ; sumo#real_number (^$(no menu)$ a number that can be expressed as a (possibly infinite) decimal, i.e. a number that has a position on the number line^) > sumo#rational_number sumo#positive_real_number {(sumo#nonnegative_real_number sumo#negative_real_number )}(pm) , = kif#real ; sumo#rational_number (^$(no menu)$ real_number that is the product of dividing two integers^) > sumo#integer , = kif#rational ; sumo#integer (^$(no menu)$ a negative or nonnegative whole number^) > {(sumo#nonnegative_integer sumo#negative_integer )} {(sumo#even_integer sumo#odd_integer )} sumo#prime_number , = kif#integer ; sumo#nonnegative_integer (^$(no menu)$ integer >= 0^) > {(sumo#positive_integer kif#zero )}(pm) , = kif#natural xmls#non_negative_integer ; sumo#positive_integer (^$(no menu)$ integer > 0^) = kif#positive ; kif#zero (^class containing only 0^); sumo#negative_integer (^$(no menu)$ integer < 0^) = kif#negative ; sumo#even_integer (^$(no menu)$ integer that is evenly divisible by 2^) = kif#even ; sumo#odd_integer (^$(no menu)$ integer that is not evenly divisible by 2^) = kif#odd ; sumo#positive_real_number (^$(no menu)$ real_number > 0^) > sumo#positive_integer (pm); sumo#nonnegative_real_number (^$(no menu)$ real_number >= 0^) > sumo#nonnegative_integer (pm); sumo#negative_real_number (^$(no menu)$ real_number < 0^) > sumo#negative_integer (pm); sumo#imaginary_number (^$(no menu)$ a number that is the result of multiplying a real_number by the square root of -1^); sumo#complex_number (^$(no menu)$ a number that has the form: x + yi, where x and y are real_numbers and i is the square root of -1^) = kif#complex ; pm#boolean (^two instances: true and false^) : kif#true kif#false , = xmls#boolean ; pm#structured_ADT__structured_abstract_data_type > kif#list kif#set pm#number_container pm#array pm#queue pm#stack pm#keyed_collection_ADT pm#graph_ADT #lattice rdf#statement pm#ontology xmls#block_set owl#data_range ; kif#list > kif#null kif#single kif#double kif#triple rdfs#container (rdfs_daml_oil_semantics); kif#null__null_list (^type of empty lists^) : kif#nil ; kif#nil (^empty list instance^) = rdf#nil (rdf); kif#single__list_with_1_element (^list of length 1^); kif#double__list_with_2_elements (^list of length 2^); kif#triple__list_with_3_elements (^list of length 3^); rdfs#container > {(rdf#bag rdf#seq rdf#alt )}; rdf#seq > rdf#list ; rdf#list > daml#disjoint , = owl#collection ; daml#disjoint__disjoint_list_of_classes (^classes in such a list are pairwise disjoint^); rdf#alt (^alternatives (exclusive or inclusive?)^) > pm#or_bag (pm) pm#xor_bag (pm); pm#or_bag (^bag of OR-ed elements^); pm#xor_bag (^bag of XOR-ed elements^); kif#set (^ADT where duplicate elements are not allowed^) > pm#or_set pm#xor_set ; pm#or_set (^set of OR-ed elements^); pm#xor_set (^set of XOR-ed elements^); pm#array > pm#string ; pm#graph_ADT > sumo#graph ; sumo#graph__connected_graph (^every graph is assumed to contain at least two arcs and three nodes^); sowa#form__abstract_independent_thing (^click here for details^) > sowa#schema sowa#script ; sowa#schema__abstract_independent_continuant (^click here for details^); sowa#script__abstract_independent_occurrent (^click here for details^); pm#description_container (^$(distinction c; some subcategories of #representation_container could be (mis-)interpreted as physical objects: here, only their storage role is considered)$ file, image, ... but not a disk or a piece of paper^) > pm#document_element #representation_container ; pm#document_element__document__DE (^$(only #document as subtype, not #written_document, #document.communication, #record)$ a part of a document or the whole document^) > #document ; sumo#abstract__entity_without_spatial_feature (^$(many specializations)$ e.g. knowledge, motivation, measure; properties or qualities as distinguished from any particular embodiment of the properties/qualities in a physical medium; instances of sumo#abstract can be said to exist in the same sense as mathematical objects such as sets and relations, but they cannot exist at a particular place or time without some physical encoding or embodiment^) > pm#psychological_entity pm#description_content sowa#abstract dolce#abstract sumo#quantity {pm#attribute_or_measure pm#type} sumo#set_or_class ; //{sumo#graph sumo#graph_element }; //+ pm#relation ? // > {sumo#attribute sumo#quantity sumo#set_or_class pm#relation_type sumo#proposition } //impossible: [a sumo#abstract, sumo#located: a pm#spatial_object] // [a sumo#abstract, sumo#time: a pm#temporal_entity] pm#psychological_entity (^$(distinction Y)$ feature/product of mental activity, e.g. feeling^) > dolce#mental_object #psychological_feature ; dolce#mental_object > #sense_experience ; sowa#abstract__abstract_entity (^distinguished from sumo#abstract because John Sowa does not seem to categorize all types of relations, sets, classes, attributes, quantities and graphs under this category; see http://www.jfsowa.com/ontology/toplevel.htm and http://www.jfsowa.com/ontology/roles.htm^) > sowa#form sumo#proposition sowa#intention ; dolce#abstract__abstraction__AB > {dolce#fact dolce#set dolce#region }; dolce#region (^the measure of an attribute/dimension^) > {dolce#temporal_region dolce#physical_region dolce#abstract_region }; dolce#abstract_region__AR (^e.g. 2 US dollars^); sumo#quantity (^any specification of how many or how much of something there is^) > {pm#atomic_ADT sumo#physical_quantity }; sumo#physical_quantity (^a measure of some quantifiable aspect of the modeled world, such as 'the earth's diameter' (a constant length) and 'the stress in a loaded deformable solid' (a measure of stress, which is a function of three spatial coordinates); physical_quantities need not be material, e.g. amounts of money (in specified currencies) would be instances of sumo#physical_quantity^) > {(sumo#constant_quantity sumo#function_quantity )} dolce#region ; pm#attribute_or_measure (^$(many specializations; distinction A)$ e.g. mass, mass unit, 1 kg, frequency, [2-3] hz, color, blue, speed, 1 m/s^) > pm#time_measure pm#physical/spatial_attribute_or_measure pm#psychological_attribute_or_measure pm#process_attribute_or_measure pm#social_attribute_or_measure pm#modality_measure pm#numeric_attribute {dolce#quality dolce#region } #measure #attribute #property ; pm#time_measure (^$(many specializations)$ measure of points or intervals in time^) > dolce#temporal_quality dolce#temporal_region #time #time_period ; //#time direct subtypes are dispatched in quality/region below dolce#temporal_quality__TQ (^e.g. a date or a duration, but not its measure/value^) > dolce#temporal_location #temporal_property /*direct subtypes of #time:*/ #geological_time #biological_time #civil_time #daylight-saving_time #musical_time ; //why not #Greenwich_Mean_Time; interval/location?? dolce#temporal_location__TL ; dolce#temporal_region__TR (^a value for a temporal quality, e.g. 24/5/2002, 2 seconds^) > dolce#time_interval /*direct subtypes of #time:*/ #cosmic_time #nowadays {#past_times #hereafter } #continuum #Greenwich_Mean_Time #continuance #infinity ; dolce#time_interval__T > #time_unit ; pm#physical/spatial_attribute_or_measure > pm#spatial_attribute_or_measure pm#physical_attribute_or_measure dolce#physical_quality dolce#physical_region ; pm#spatial_attribute_or_measure (^e.g. length measure in meters^) > dolce#spatial_location menu#spatial_characteristic ; dolce#spatial_location__SL ; menu#spatial_characteristic (^$(distinct)$ this category is mainly for menu-generation purposes^) > {#width #height #length #circumference #diameter #surface_area #volume #thickness #tenuity #angle }; pm#physical_attribute_or_measure (^e.g. mass/length/color measure; here are most of the subtypes of #property.attribute, e.g. #visual_property^) > pm#living_entity_attribute_or_measure menu#physical_characteristic ; pm#living_entity_attribute_or_measure > pm#date_of_birth ; pm#date_of_birth__D.O.B.__birthdate (^not a birthday^); menu#physical_characteristic (^this category is for menu-generation purposes^) > {#visual_property #physical_property }; dolce#physical_quality__PQ (^e.g. weight, color, as attributes^) > dolce#spatial_location ; dolce#physical_region__PR (^e.g. 2 meters, 3.5 kg, [2-3] hz^) > dolce#space_region ; dolce#space_region__S ; pm#process_attribute_or_measure (^$(distinct)$ e.g. a speed measure^) > #magnitude_relation pm#energy_measure pm#force_measure pm#absorption_measure pm#radiation_measure pm#explosion_measure #game_point ; //#pressure_unit #electromagnetic_unit pm#energy_measure > #work_unit ; pm#force_measure > #force_unit #electromagnetic_unit ; pm#absorption_measure > #absorption_unit ; pm#radiation_measure > pm#radioactivity_measure #langley ; pm#radioactivity_measure > #radioactivity_unit ; pm#explosion_measure > #explosive_unit ; pm#social_attribute_or_measure > pm#identifier ; pm#identifier__id > {pm#passport_identifier pm#social_welfare_identifier } pm#serial_number pm#URI ; pm#URI__Uniform_Ressource_Identifier > pm#URL pm#URN ; pm#URL__Uniform_Ressource_Locator ; pm#URN__Uniform_Ressource_Number ; pm#modality_measure (^e.g. pm#never is as an instance^) > pm#temporal_modality_measure ; pm#temporal_modality_measure : pm#never pm#rarely pm#often pm#always ; dolce#quality__Q (^an attribute/dimension of something, e.g. its color, but not the measure of this color^) > {dolce#temporal_quality dolce#physical_quality dolce#abstract_quality } {(sumo#internal_attribute sumo#relational_attribute )}, = sumo#attribute ; //if not true, update SUMO signatures dolce#abstract_quality__AQ (^e.g. an asset value (but not any actual measure of this value)^); pm#type (^$(distinct t)$ second-order type or more^) > rdfs#class {pm#1st_order_type pm#2nd_order_type } ; rdfs#class (^rdfs#class has pm#binary_relation_type as instance and hence is different from sumo#class^) > sumo#class , : pm#binary_relation_type , = owl#class (pm); //sumo#relation(=pm#relation_type) is exclusive with sumo#set_or_class, hence sumo#binary_relation(=pm#binary_relation_type) is exclusive with sumo#class, but rdf#property(=pm#binary_relation_type) may actually not be exclusive with rdfs#class(=sumo#class); in fact, although not represented here, rdf#property is instance of rdfs#class but sumo#binary_relation is not instance of sumo#class sumo#class (^classes differ from sets in three important respects: 1) classes are not assumed to be extensional, i.e. distinct classes might well have exactly the same instances, 2) classes typically have an associated `condition' that determines the instances of the class, e.g. the condition `human' determines the "class of humans" (note that some classes might satisfy their own condition (e.g. the "class of abstract things" is "abstract") and hence be instances of themselves), 3) the instances of a class may occur only once within the class, i.e. a class cannot contain duplicate instances^) > rdfs#datatype owl#restriction owl#all_different (pm) owl#deprecated_class dolce#rigid dolce#leaf_type dolce#non-empty pm#situation_class pm#attribute_class , : pm#class_of_inheritable_relation_type (pm) pm#thing (pm); dolce#rigid__RG (^"all" the instances of a rigid type must "necessarily" be of this type at all times; role types such as #student or pm#tired_person are "non-rigid" and even "anti-rigid" since it is always possible for "any" student or tired person to cease being student or tired without loosing its identity^); dolce#leaf_type__L (^type without subtype^); dolce#non-empty__NEP (^such a type "necessarily" has at least one instance^) > dolce#strongly_non-empty_perdurant ; pm#situation_class > dolce#strongly_non-empty_perdurant_class dolce#cumulative_perdurant_class dolce#anticumulative_perdurant_class dolce#homeomerous_perdurant_class dolce#anti-homeomerous_perdurant_class dolce#atomic_perdurant_class dolce#anti-atomic_perdurant_class ; dolce#strongly_non-empty_perdurant_class__NEP.S (^this kind of perdurant have at least two instances not related by a part relation^); dolce#cumulative_perdurant_class__CM (^a "sum" of instances of this kind of perdurant is of this kind of perdurant^); dolce#anticumulative_perdurant_class__CM~ (^a "sum" of instances of this kind of perdurant (unconnected by a part relation) is not of this kind of perdurant^); dolce#homeomerous_perdurant_class__HOM (^any part is of the same type^); dolce#anti-homeomerous_perdurant_class__HOM~ (^no part is of the same type^); dolce#atomic_perdurant_class__AT (^no perdurant of this kind has a proper part^); dolce#anti-atomic_perdurant_class__AT~ (^any perdurant of this kind has a proper part^); pm#attribute_class (^class that has for instances subclasses of sumo#attribute^) : dolce#quality ; pm#1st_order_type__type1 (^all 1st order types are implicitely or explicitely instance of that 2nd-order type^) > pm#relation_type ; pm#relation_type (^there are three kinds of relation(_types): sumo#predicate, sumo#function, and sumo#list; predicates and functions both denote sets of ordered n-tuples; the difference between these two classes is that predicates cover formula-forming operators, while functions cover term-forming operators; a list, on the other hand, is a particular ordered n-tuple^) > {(sumo#predicate pm#function_type sumo#list )} pm#single_valued_relation_type {(pm#total_valued_relation_type pm#partial_valued_relation_type )} {pm#binary_relation_type pm#ternary_relation_type pm#quaternary_relation_type pm#quintary_relation_type pm#variable_arity_relation_type } pm#many_to_many_relation_type pm#many_to_one_relation_type pm#one_to_many_relation_type pm#type_of_relation_extended_to_quantities pm#probability_relation_type pm#spatial_relation_type pm#temporal_relation_type pm#intentional_relation_type , //to do: list pm#intentional_relation_type (not in sumo; forgotten?) as added : pm#relation , = sumo#relation ; sumo#predicate (^a sentence-forming relation with each tuple being a finite, ordered sequence of objects^) > sumo#binary_predicate sumo#ternary_predicate sumo#quaternary_predicate sumo#quintary_predicate , : sumo#disjoint_relation sumo#contrary_attribute sumo#exhaustive_attribute sumo#exhaustive_decomposition sumo#disjoint_decomposition sumo#partition sumo#holds ; sumo#binary_predicate (^a predicate relating two items - its valence is two^) : sumo#instance pm#inverse sumo#subclass sumo#subrelation pm#equal sumo#range sumo#range_subclass sumo#valence sumo#documentation sumo#disjoint sumo#related_internal_concept sumo#sub_attribute sumo#successor_attribute sumo#successor_attribute_closure sumo#entails sumo#material sumo#sub_collection sumo#contains_information sumo#leader sumo#property sumo#less_than sumo#greater_than sumo#less_than_or_equal_to sumo#greater_than_or_equal_to sumo#increases_likelihood sumo#decreases_likelihood sumo#independent_probability sumo#in_scope_of_interest sumo#in_list sumo#sub_list sumo#initial_list sumo#closed_on sumo#reflexive_on sumo#irreflexive_on sumo#partial_ordering_on sumo#total_ordering_on sumo#trichotomizing_on sumo#equivalence_relation_on sumo#distributes sumo#causes sumo#causes_subclass sumo#copy sumo#time sumo#holds_during sumo#exploits sumo#has_purpose sumo#has_skill sumo#partly_located sumo#traverses sumo#possesses sumo#precondition sumo#inhibits sumo#prevents sumo#refers sumo#subsumes_content_class sumo#subsumes_content_instance sumo#expressed_in_language sumo#sub_proposition sumo#uses sumo#identity_element sumo#element sumo#measure sumo#larger sumo#smaller sumo#duration sumo#frequency sumo#temporal_part sumo#before_or_equal sumo#overlaps_temporally sumo#meets_temporally sumo#earlier sumo#cooccur sumo#date sumo#connected sumo#hole sumo#sub_process sumo#transaction_amount sumo#geographic_subregion sumo#developmental_form sumo#inhabits sumo#authors sumo#editor sumo#publishes sumo#version sumo#wears sumo#family_relation sumo#parent sumo#sibling sumo#legal_relation sumo#employs sumo#citizen sumo#premise sumo#conclusion sumo#consistent sumo#faces sumo#modal_attribute sumo#geometric_part sumo#parallel sumo#angular_measure sumo#line_measure ; sumo#ternary_predicate (^class of predicates that require exactly three arguments^) : sumo#domain sumo#domain_subclass sumo#related_external_concept sumo#conditional_probability sumo#prefers sumo#capability sumo#has_purpose_for_agent sumo#confers_norm sumo#deprives_norm sumo#between sumo#represents_for_agent sumo#represents_in_language sumo#distance sumo#temporally_between sumo#temporally_between_or_equal sumo#connects sumo#orientation sumo#occupies_position sumo#point_of_intersection sumo#geometric_distance ; sumo#quaternary_predicate (^class of predicates that require four arguments^); sumo#quintary_predicate (^class of predicates that require five arguments^); pm#single_valued_relation_type (^when an assignment of values to every argument position except the last one determines at most one assignment for the last argument position; not all single_valued_relations are total_valued_relations^) > pm#function_type , : sumo#valence sumo#leader sumo#unique_identifier sumo#age sumo#width sumo#distance sumo#altitude sumo#depth sumo#monetary_value sumo#date sumo#transaction_amount sumo#mother sumo#father sumo#conclusion sumo#geometric_distance , = sumo#single_valued_relation ; pm#function_type (^term-forming relation that maps from a n-tuple of arguments to a range and that associates this n-tuple with at most one range element; note that the range is a set_or_class, and each element of the range is an instance of the set_or_class^) : pm#function sumo#assignment_fn sumo#list_fn sumo#greatest_common_divisor_fn sumo#least_common_multiple_fn , > pm#continuous_function_type pm#function_quantity_type pm#unary_function_type pm#binary_function_type pm#ternary_function_type pm#quaternary_function_type , = sumo#function ; pm#continuous_function_type (^class of functions which are continuous; this concept is taken as primitive until representations for limits are devised^) = sumo#continuous_function ; pm#function_quantity_type (^function that maps from one or more instances of sumo#constant_quantity to another of its instance, e.g. the velocity of a particle would be represented by a function_quantity mapping values of time (which are constant_quantities) to values of distance (also constant_quantities); note that all instances of function_quantity are functions with a fixed arity; note too that all elements of the range of a function_quantity have the same physical dimension as the function_quantity itself^) > pm#unary_constant_function_quantity_type sumo#calorie sumo#British_thermal_unit , //to do: check that sumo#calorie is a 2nd-order type = sumo#function_quantity ; pm#unary_constant_function_quantity_type (^unary function that maps from sumo#constant_quantity to the same class^) > sumo#time_dependent_quantity , = sumo#unary_constant_function_quantity ; pm#unary_function_type (^class of functions requiring a single argument^) : pm#unary_function sumo#power_set_fn sumo#front_fn sumo#back_fn sumo#abstraction_fn sumo#extension_fn sumo#probability_fn sumo#list_length_fn sumo#property_fn sumo#absolute_value_fn sumo#ceiling_fn sumo#cosine_fn sumo#denominator_fn sumo#floor_fn sumo#imaginary_part_fn sumo#integer_square_root_fn sumo#numerator_fn sumo#rational_number_fn sumo#real_number_fn sumo#reciprocal_fn sumo#round_fn sumo#signum_fn sumo#sine_fn sumo#square_root_fn sumo#tangent_fn sumo#successor_fn sumo#predecessor_fn sumo#complement_fn sumo#generalized_union_fn sumo#generalized_intersection_fn sumo#cardinality_fn sumo#kilo_fn sumo#mega_fn sumo#giga_fn sumo#tera_fn sumo#milli_fn sumo#micro_fn sumo#nano_fn sumo#pico_fn sumo#magnitude_fn sumo#wealth_fn sumo#begin_fn sumo#end_fn sumo#when_fn sumo#past_fn sumo#immediate_past_fn sumo#future_fn sumo#immediate_future_fn sumo#year_fn sumo#hole_host_fn sumo#hole_skin_fn sumo#immediate_family_fn sumo#government_fn sumo#premises_fn , > pm#unary_constant_function_quantity_type pm#one_to_one_function_type , = sumo#unary_function ; pm#one_to_one_function_type (^a function F is one to one just in case for all X, Y in the domain of F, if X is not identical to Y, then F(X) is not identical to F(Y)^) > pm#sequence_function_type , = sumo#one_to_one_function ; pm#sequence_function_type (^class of one_to_one_functions whose range is a subclass of the positive_integers^) = sumo#sequence_function ; pm#binary_function_type (^class of functions requiring two arguments^) > pm#associative_function_type pm#commutative_function_type , = sumo#binary_function ; pm#associative_function_type (^a binary function is associative if bracketing has no effect on the value returned by the function; more precisely, a function ?FUNCTION is associative just in case (?FUNCTION ?INST1 (?FUNCTION ?INST2 ?INST3)) is equal to (?FUNCTION (?FUNCTION ?INST1 ?INST2) ?INST3), for all ?INST1, ?INST2, and ?INST3^) = sumo#associative_function ; pm#commutative_function_type (^a binary function is commutative if the ordering of the arguments of the function has no effect on the value returned by the function; more precisely, a function ?FUNCTION is commutative just in case (?FUNCTION ?INST1 ?INST2) is equal to (?FUNCTION ?INST2 ?INST1), for all ?INST1 and ?INST2^) = sumo#commutative_function ; pm#ternary_function_type (^class of functions requiring three arguments^) = sumo#ternary_function ; pm#quaternary_function_type (^class of functions requiring four arguments^) = sumo#quaternary_function ; pm#total_valued_relation_type (^when there exists an assignment for the last argument position of the relation given any assignment of values to every argument position except the last one; note that declaring a relation to be both a total_valued_relation and a single_valued_relation means that it is a total function^) = sumo#total_valued_relation ; pm#partial_valued_relation_type (^when it is not a total_valued_relation, i.e. just in case assigning values to every argument position except the last one does not necessarily mean that there is a value assignment for the last argument position; note that, if a sumo#relation is both a partial_valued_relation and a single_valued_relation, then it is a partial function^) : sumo#front_fn sumo#back_fn sumo#abstraction_fn sumo#extension_fn sumo#list_order_fn sumo#division_fn sumo#greatest_common_divisor_fn sumo#integer_square_root_fn sumo#least_common_multiple_fn sumo#remainder_fn sumo#edition_fn sumo#series_volume_fn sumo#periodical_issue_fn ; pm#binary_relation_type (^all binary relation types are instance of that object^) > pm#unary_function_type sumo#binary_predicate pm#functional_binary_relation_type pm#injective_binary_relation_type pm#reflexive_relation_type pm#trichotomizing_relation_type pm#irreflexive_relation_type pm#symmetric_relation_type pm#antisymmetric_relation_type pm#transitive_relation_type pm#intransitive_relation_type owl#annotation_property owl#deprecated_property owl#ontology_property rdfs#constraint_property rdfs#container_membership_property {owl#datatype_property owl#object_property }, : pm#binary_relation sumo#distributes , = sumo#binary_relation rdf#property daml#property tap#property_type ; pm#functional_binary_relation_type (^type of relations which have maxCardinality=1; e.g. integer successor: if P is functional, then if P(x,y) and P(x,z) then y=z^) : pm#functional_binary_relation , = owl#functional_property daml#unique_property ; pm#injective_binary_relation_type (^if P is injective, then if P(x,y) and P(z,y) then x=z; e.g. if nameOfMonth(m,"Feb") and nameOfMonth(n,"Feb") then m and n are the same month^) : pm#injective_binary_relation , = owl#inverse_functional_property daml#unambiguous_property ; pm#reflexive_relation_type (^a relation is reflexive if (?REL ?INST ?INST) for all ?INST^) > pm#equivalence_relation_type pm#partial_ordering_relation_type , : pm#reflexive_relation sumo#overlaps_temporally sumo#connected sumo#overlaps_spatially , = sumo#reflexive_relation ; pm#equivalence_relation_type (^binary_relation that is reflexive, symmetric and transitive^) : pm#equivalence_binary_relation pm#equal sumo#copy sumo#equivalent_content_class sumo#equivalent_content_instance sumo#cooccur sumo#family_relation , = sumo#equivalence_relation ; pm#partial_ordering_relation_type (^binary_relation that is reflexive, antisymmetric and transitive^) > pm#total_ordering_relation_type , : pm#partial_ordering_relation pm#total_ordering_relation pm#inferior_or_equal_to pm#superior_or_equal_to pm#generalizing_type pm#specializing_type pm#constitution pm#part pm#wnMember pm#sub_collection sumo#subclass sumo#subrelation sumo#sub_attribute sumo#part sumo#sub_collection sumo#less_than_or_equal_to sumo#greater_than_or_equal_to sumo#sub_list sumo#initial_list sumo#subsumes_content_class sumo#subsumes_content_instance sumo#temporal_part sumo#before_or_equal sumo#sub_process sumo#sub_organization sumo#geometric_part , = sumo#partial_ordering_relation ; pm#total_ordering_relation_type (^total_ordering_relation that is a trichotomizing_relation^) : pm#total_ordering_relation , = sumo#total_ordering_relation ; pm#trichotomizing_relation_type (^binary_relation such that all ordered pairs consisting of distinct individuals are element of this binary_relation^) > pm#total_ordering_relation_type , : pm#trichotomizing_relation , = sumo#trichotomizing_relation ; pm#irreflexive_relation_type (^r is irreflexive if r(?i,?i) holds for no value of ?i^) > pm#asymmetric_relation_type , : pm#irreflexive_relation pm#inverse sumo#successor_attribute_closure sumo#front_fn sumo#back_fn sumo#attr sumo#manner sumo#less_than sumo#greater_than sumo#increases_likelihood sumo#decreases_likelihood sumo#in_list sumo#inhibits sumo#prevents sumo#sub_proposition sumo#sub_plan sumo#larger sumo#smaller sumo#starts sumo#finishes sumo#before sumo#during sumo#earlier sumo#meets_spatially sumo#overlaps_partially sumo#superficial_part sumo#connected_engineering_components sumo#ancestor sumo#sibling sumo#brother sumo#sister sumo#spouse sumo#husband sumo#wife sumo#modal_attribute , = sumo#irreflexive_relation ; pm#asymmetric_relation_type (^an antisymmetric and irreflexive relation^) > pm#case_role_type pm#propositional_attitude_type , : pm#asymmetric_relation sumo#immediate_instance sumo#immediate_subclass sumo#range sumo#range_subclass sumo#valence sumo#documentation sumo#successor_attribute sumo#front_fn sumo#back_fn sumo#probability_fn sumo#proper_part sumo#contains sumo#member sumo#contains_information sumo#leader sumo#attr sumo#manner sumo#in_list sumo#closed_on sumo#reflexive_on sumo#irreflexive_on sumo#partial_ordering_on sumo#total_ordering_on sumo#trichotomizing_on sumo#equivalence_relation_on sumo#causes sumo#causes_subclass sumo#time sumo#holds_during sumo#exploits sumo#has_purpose sumo#has_skill sumo#crosses sumo#penetrates sumo#possesses sumo#precondition sumo#realization sumo#expressed_in_language sumo#uses sumo#identity_element sumo#element sumo#cardinality_fn sumo#measure sumo#duration sumo#frequency sumo#meets_temporally sumo#date sumo#surface sumo#interior_part sumo#hole sumo#hole_host_fn sumo#partially_fills sumo#properly_fills sumo#completely_fills sumo#fills sumo#hole_skin_fn sumo#geographic_subregion sumo#geopolitical_subdivision sumo#developmental_form sumo#inhabits sumo#authors sumo#editor sumo#publishes sumo#version sumo#parent sumo#husband sumo#wife sumo#citizen sumo#modal_attribute , //re-ordered but correct = sumo#asymmetric_relation ; pm#case_role_type = sumo#case_role ; pm#propositional_attitude_type (^the class of intentional_relations where the agent has awareness of a proposition^) : sumo#desires sumo#considers sumo#believes sumo#knows , = sumo#propositional_attitude ; pm#symmetric_relation_type (^when (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) implies (?REL ?INST2 ?INST1), for all ?INST1 and ?INST2^) > pm#equivalence_relation_type, : pm#symmetric_relation pm#inverse sumo#independent_probability sumo#overlaps_temporally sumo#connected sumo#meets_spatially sumo#overlaps_spatially sumo#overlaps_partially sumo#connected_engineering_components sumo#sibling sumo#legal_relation sumo#spouse sumo#consistent , = owl#symmetric_property sumo#symmetric_relation ; pm#antisymmetric_relation_type (^when for distinct ?INST1 and ?INST2, (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) implies not (?REL ?INST2 ?INST1), that is, for all ?INST1 and ?INST2, (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) and (?REL ?INST2 ?INST1) imply that ?INST1 and ?INST2 are identical; it is possible for an antisymmetric relation to be a reflexive relation^) > pm#asymmetric_relation_type pm#partial_ordering_relation_type , : pm#antisymmetric_relation sumo#partly_located sumo#located , = sumo#antisymmetric_relation ; pm#transitive_relation_type (^a binary_relation ?REL is transitive if (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) and (?REL ?INST2 ?INST3) imply (?REL ?INST1 ?INST3), for all ?INST1, ?INST2, and ?INST3^) > pm#equivalence_relation_type pm#partial_ordering_relation_type , : pm#transitive_relation sumo#successor_attribute_closure sumo#proper_part sumo#less_than sumo#greater_than sumo#located sumo#crosses sumo#precondition sumo#sub_proposition sumo#sub_plan sumo#larger sumo#smaller sumo#starts sumo#finishes sumo#before sumo#during sumo#earlier sumo#superficial_part sumo#interior_part sumo#geographic_subregion sumo#geopolitical_subdivision sumo#developmental_form sumo#version sumo#ancestor sumo#brother sumo#sister , = sumo#transitive_relation owl#transitive_property ; pm#intransitive_relation_type (^a binary_relation ?REL is intransitive only if (?REL ?INST1 ?INST2) and (?REL ?INST2 ?INST3) imply not (?REL ?INST1 ?INST3), for all ?INST1, ?INST2, and ?INST3^) : pm#intransitive_relation pm#inverse sumo#immediate_instance sumo#immediate_subclass sumo#member sumo#penetrates sumo#element sumo#meets_temporally sumo#parent , = sumo#intransitive_relation ; //owl#annotation_property // : rdfs#label rdfs#comment rdfs#see_also rdfs#is_defined_by owl#version_info ; owl#ontology_property : pm#relation_to_another_ontology (pm); rdfs#container_membership_property : rdfs#member ; owl#object_property (^if P is an ObjectProperty, and P(x, y), then y is an object^); pm#ternary_relation_type (^relates three items^) > sumo#ternary_predicate pm#binary_function_type , = sumo#ternary_relation ; pm#quaternary_relation_type (^relates four items^) > sumo#quaternary_predicate pm#ternary_function_type , = sumo#quaternary_relation ; pm#quintary_relation_type (^relates five items^) > sumo#quintary_predicate pm#quaternary_function_type , = sumo#quintary_relation ; pm#variable_arity_relation_type (^class of relations that do not have a fixed number of arguments^) : pm#relation_with_variable_arity sumo#disjoint_relation sumo#contrary_attribute sumo#exhaustive_attribute sumo#exhaustive_decomposition sumo#disjoint_decomposition sumo#partition sumo#assignment_fn sumo#holds sumo#list_fn sumo#greatest_common_divisor_fn sumo#least_common_multiple_fn , = sumo#variable_arity_relation ; pm#type_of_relation_extended_to_quantities (^relation that, when it is true on a sequence of arguments that are real_numbers, it is also true on a sequence of constant_quantites with those magnitudes in some unit of measure; for example, the less_than relation is extended to quantities; this means that for all pairs of quantities ?q1 and ?q2, [?q1, sumo#less_than: ?q2] if and only if, for some numbers ?n1 and ?n2 and unit ?u, [q1 = sumo#measure_fn(?n1,?u)], [q2 = sumo#measure_fn(?n2,?u)] and [?n1, less_than: ?n2] for all units on which ?q1 and ?q2 can be measured; note that, when a relation_extended_to_quantities is extended from real_numbers to constant_quantities, the constant_quantities must be measured along the same physical dimension^) : pm#equal sumo#less_than sumo#greater_than sumo#less_than_or_equal_to sumo#greater_than_or_equal_to sumo#multiplication_fn sumo#addition_fn sumo#subtraction_fn sumo#division_fn sumo#exponentiation_fn sumo#max_fn sumo#min_fn sumo#reciprocal_fn sumo#remainder_fn , = sumo#relation_extended_to_quantities ; //to do: check the _fn classes pm#probability_relation_type (^the class of relations that permit assessment of the probability of an event or situation^) : sumo#probability_fn sumo#conditional_probability sumo#increases_likelihood sumo#decreases_likelihood sumo#independent_probability , = sumo#probability_relation ; pm#spatial_relation_type (^the class of relations that are spatial in a wide sense, e.g. mereological relations and topological relation^) : pm#relation_from_spatial_object sumo#front_fn sumo#back_fn sumo#part sumo#contains sumo#partly_located sumo#between sumo#traverses sumo#where_fn sumo#distance sumo#larger sumo#smaller sumo#connected sumo#connects sumo#mereological_sum_fn sumo#mereological_product_fn sumo#mereological_difference_fn sumo#hole sumo#hole_host_fn sumo#partially_fills sumo#hole_skin_fn sumo#orientation , = sumo#spatial_relation ; pm#temporal_relation_type (^the class of temporal relations, e.g. notions of (temporal) topology of intervals, (temporal) schemata, and (temporal) extension^) : sumo#time sumo#temporal_part sumo#begin_fn sumo#end_fn sumo#starts sumo#finishes sumo#before sumo#before_or_equal sumo#temporally_between sumo#temporally_between_or_equal sumo#overlaps_temporally sumo#meets_temporally sumo#earlier sumo#cooccur sumo#time_interval_fn sumo#recurrent_time_interval_fn sumo#when_fn sumo#past_fn sumo#immediate_past_fn sumo#future_fn sumo#immediate_future_fn sumo#year_fn sumo#month_fn sumo#day_fn sumo#hour_fn sumo#minute_fn sumo#second_fn sumo#temporal_composition_fn sumo#relative_time_fn , = sumo#temporal_relation ; pm#intentional_relation_type (^the class of relations between an agent and one or more entities, where the relation requires that the agent has awareness of the entity^) : sumo#prefers sumo#in_scope_of_interest , > {pm#propositional_attitude_type pm#object_attitude_type }, = sumo#intentional_relation ; pm#object_attitude_type (^the class of intentional_relations where the agent has awareness of an instance of sumo#physical^) > sumo#needs sumo#wants , = sumo#object_attitude ; pm#2nd_order_type__type2 (^all 2nd order types are implicitely or explicitely instance of that 3rd order type^) > pm#class_of_inheritable_relation_type ; pm#class_of_inheritable_relation_type (^each instance RT of this type is a subclass of the 2nd-order_type pm#relation_type and the properties of RT can be inherited downward in the class hierarchy via the "subrelation" predicate^) : pm#relation_type pm#single_valued_relation_type pm#total_valued_relation_type pm#binary_relation_type pm#case_role_type pm#probability_relation_type pm#spatial_relation_type pm#temporal_relation_type pm#intentional_relation_type pm#propositional_attitude pm#object_attitude_type pm#ternary_relation_type pm#quaternary_relation_type pm#quintary_relation_type sumo#predicate pm#function_type pm#unary_function_type pm#binary_function_type pm#ternary_function_type pm#quaternary_function_type sumo#binary_predicate sumo#ternary_predicate sumo#quaternary_predicate sumo#quintary_predicate pm#type_of_relation_extended_to_quantities , = sumo#inheritable_relation ; sumo#set_or_class (^the "set_or_class" of "sets" and "classes", i.e. any "instance" of "abstract" that has "elements" or "instances"^) > {(sumo#set sumo#class )} ; sumo#set__bag (^a set_or_class that satisfies extensionality as well as other constraints specified by some choice of set theory; sets differ from classes in two important respects: 1) sets are extensional (two sets with the same elements are identical), 2) a set can be an arbitrary stock of objects, i.e. there is no requirement that sets have an associated condition that determines their membership; note that sets are not assumed to be unique sets, i.e. elements of a set may occur more than once in the set^) > dolce#set ; // sumo#graph_element (^noncompositional parts of graphs^) // > {(sumo#graph_node sumo#graph_arc )}; pm#undivisible_entity (^classification under this category is application-dependant^); pm#divisible_entity (^$(distinction)$ ^) > pm#collection {sumo#corpuscular_object sumo#substance } #substance ; pm#collection (^$(distinction C)$ something gathering separated things (entities/situations)^) > pm#structured_ADT sumo#collection sumo#set_or_class pm#type rdfs#constraint_resource dolce#arbitrary_sum #group #set ; rdfs#constraint_resource > rdfs#constraint_property ; dolce#arbitrary_sum__AS (^e.g. the collection of a car and a foot^); dolce#endurant__ED > {dolce#physical_endurant dolce#non-physical_endurant dolce#arbitrary_sum }; dolce#non-physical_endurant__NPED > dolce#non-physical_object ; dolce#non-physical_object__NPOB > {dolce#mental_object dolce#social_object }; dolce#mental_object__MOB (^e.g. a percept, a sense datum^); dolce#social_object__SOB > {(dolce#agentive_social_object dolce#non-agentive_social_object )}; dolce#agentive_social_object__ASO > {dolce#social_agent dolce#society }; dolce#social_agent__SAG (^e.g. a legal person, a contractant^); dolce#society__SC (^e.g. IBM, ONU^); dolce#non-agentive_social_object__NASO (^e.g. law, asset, currency, economic system^); pm#entity_playing_some_role (^$(many specializations)$ e.g. an agent, an owner^) > pm#owned_entity pm#entity_part #variable pm#situation_result pm#process_recipient pm#process_object pm#causal_entity pm#imaginary_entity {#essential #inessential } #self-contained_entity #anticipation #unnamed_thing #holy_of_holies ; pm#owned_entity (^$(#creation_result may be physical or not)$ ^) > #possession {#good_point #bad_point } #creation_result ; pm#entity_part > pm#physical_entity_part_or_substance ; pm#process_recipient (^recipient of a process^) > #recipient ; pm#process_object > #depicted_object ; pm#causal_entity (^$(many specializations; distinction)$ something (animal or software agent) able to act^) > pm#goal_directed_agent pm#perhaps_goal_directed_causal_entity pm#without_goal_causal_entity dolce#agentive_physical_object dolce#agentive_social_object #causal_agent ; pm#goal_directed_agent (^$(many specializations)$ goal directed causal entity (ex:a problem solver or an interactional agent)^) > pm#cognitive_agent ; pm#cognitive_agent (^$(many specializations)$ for example an animal or an AI-agent^) > {(pm#conscious_agent pm#non_conscious_cognitive_agent )} menu#person_or_organization ; pm#conscious_agent (^$(many specializations)$ for example a person^) > #person ; pm#non_conscious_cognitive_agent (^e.g. AI_Agent^) > #social_group ; menu#person_or_organization (^this category is for menu-generation purposes^) > {(#person #organization )}; pm#perhaps_goal_directed_causal_entity (^e.g. supernatural forces^); pm#without_goal_causal_entity (^non conscious entity and not AI_Agent^); pm#imaginary_entity (^an entity that has been imagined^) > pm#imaginary_spatial_entity ; pm#imaginary_spatial_entity (^e.g. a cartoon character^) > #imaginary_place #imaginary_being #spiritual_being ; pm#thing_playing_some_role (^$(many specializations; distinction R)$ category to classify things according to roles/viewpoints; classification under this category is application-dependant^) > pm#created_thing pm#thing_needed_for_some_process pm#thing_that_can_be_seen_as_a_relation pm#situation_playing_some_role pm#entity_playing_some_role {sowa#mediating_thing sowa#relative_thing }; pm#created_thing (^$(distinct)$ e.g. entity or situation that results from a process; in WordNet, #creation_result is for entities while #resultant is for situation^) > #creation_result #resultant #artifact ; pm#thing_needed_for_some_process (^$(distinct)$ ^) > pm#domain_object pm#domain_user pm#thing_needed_for_knowledge_engineering pm#attraction ; pm#attraction (^$(not in top-level ontology)$ ^) > pm#tourist_attraction ; pm#tourist_attraction > pm#nature_park pm#animal_park #theme_park pm#cultural_attraction pm#attraction_shop ; pm#nature_park > #national_park ; pm#cultural_attraction > #museum #theater #art_gallery ; pm#thing_that_can_be_seen_as_a_relation (^$(many specializations; distinct r)$ usable as relation type^) > pm#thing_that_can_be_seen_as_a_function #relation #psychological_feature #information #national #maker #creator #employee #user #relative #peer #facility ; pm#thing_that_can_be_seen_as_a_function (^a node cannot be source of 2 comparable relations of such types and having different destinations^) > pm#attribute_or_measure pm#contact_point #employer #seller ; //#seller not used; use pm#seller instead pm#contact_point > pm#phone_No pm#fax_No pm#email_address #address ; pm#phone_No > {pm#mobile_phone_No pm#home_phone_No pm#business_phone_No }; sowa#mediating_thing (^Peirce/Sowa's notion of "thirdness"; click here for details^) > sowa#nexus sowa#intention ; sowa#nexus__physical_mediating_thing (^click here for details^) > sowa#structure sowa#situation ; sowa#relative_thing (^Peirce/Sowa's notion of "secondness"; click here for details^) > sowa#prehension sowa#proposition ; sowa#prehension__physical_relative_thing (^click here for details^) > sowa#juncture sowa#participation ; sowa#juncture__physical_relative_continuant (^click here for details^); sowa#participation__physical_relative_occurrent (^click here for details^); sowa#independent_thing (^Peirce/Sowa's notion of "firstness"; click here for details^) > sowa#actuality sowa#form ; sowa#actuality__physical_independent_thing (^click here for details^) > sowa#object sowa#process ; sumo#physical__physical_thing (^an entity that has a location in space-time; locations are themselves understood to have a location in space-time; click here for more details on the identical category sowa#physical_thing^) > {(sumo#object sumo#process )} sowa#actuality sowa#prehension sowa#nexus , = sowa#physical_thing ; //[any sumo#physical, sumo#located: a pm#spatial_object, sumo#time: a pm#temporal_entity] ; sowa#continuant__spatial_entity_with_time_independent_identity (^click here for details^) > sowa#object sowa#schema sowa#juncture sowa#description sowa#structure sowa#reason ; sowa#occurrent__thing_without_temporally_stable_identity (^click here for details^) > sowa#process sowa#script sowa#participation sowa#history sowa#situation sowa#purpose ; pm#undivisible_thing (^thing with no proper part^) > pm#undivisible_entity , = dolce#atom__At ; pm#divisible_thing > pm#divisible_entity ; pm#individual__particular__supertype_of_1st_order_types (^all individuals (for concepts or relations) are implicitely or explicitely instance of that type^) > {pm#spatial_object pm#description_content/medium/container pm#attribute_or_measure } dolce#particular ; dolce#particular__PT (^a category from DOLCE or generalized by a category from DOLCE^) > dolce#abstract_or_perdurant dolce#quality_or_endurant_or_perdurant ; //in dolce the endurant/perdurant distinction does not involve qualities dolce#abstract_or_perdurant__AB_or_PD > {(dolce#abstract pm#situation )}; //dolce#perdurant //dolce#perdurant__occurence__PD // > {(dolce#stative dolce#event )}; dolce#quality_or_endurant_or_perdurant__Q_or_ED_or_PD > {(dolce#quality dolce#endurant_or_perdurant )}; dolce#endurant_or_perdurant__ED_or_PD > {(dolce#endurant pm#situation )}; //dolce#perdurant 3D#thing (^an object seen from a 3D (or endurantist) perspective, i.e. where a spatial entity may have a time independent identity, as opposed for example to the 4D perspective where each spatial entity has an associated time frame; click here and here for details^) > dolce#endurant ; 4D#thing (^an object seen from a 3D (or perdurantist) perspective; click here and here for details^); //======================= 2) Relation types ======================= pm#relation__related_object__related_with (*) (^type for any relation (unary, binary, ..., *-ary) and instance of pm#relation_type^) > {pm#relation_from_situation pm#spatial_relation_from_entity_with_spatial_feature pm#relation_from_collection pm#relation_from_description_content/medium/container } {pm#relation_to_situation pm#relation_to_entity_with_spatial_feature pm#relation_to_time_measure pm#relation_to_collection } {pm#attributive_relation pm#mereological_relation } pm#relation_with_common_mathematical_property {pm#binary_relation pm#ternary_relation pm#quaternary_relation pm#relation_with_variable_arity } pm#relation_for_an_application ; pm#relation_from_situation (pm#situation ,*) > {pm#relation_from_situation_to_time_measure pm#relation_from_situation_to_situation } pm#case_relation pm#within_group ; pm#relation_from_situation_to_time_measure (pm#situation ,pm#time_measure ) > pm#time pm#duration pm#from_time pm#until_time pm#before_time ; pm#time (pm#situation -> pm#time_measure ) > pm#date ; pm#date (pm#situation -> pm#time_measure ); pm#duration (pm#situation -> pm#time_measure ); pm#from_time (pm#situation -> pm#time_measure ) > pm#departure_time ; pm#departure_time (pm#process -> pm#time_measure ); pm#until_time__to_time (pm#situation -> pm#time_measure ) > pm#arrival_time ; pm#arrival_time (pm#process -> pm#time_measure ); pm#before_time (pm#situation ,pm#time_measure ); pm#relation_from_situation_to_situation (pm#situation ,pm#situation ) > pm#later_situation pm#before_situation ; pm#later_situation (pm#situation ,pm#situation ) > pm#next_situation pm#ending_situation pm#postcondition pm#consequence ; pm#next_situation (pm#situation -> pm#situation ); pm#ending_situation__termination (pm#situation -> pm#situation ); pm#postcondition (pm#process ,pm#situation ); pm#consequence (pm#situation ,pm#situation ); pm#before_situation (pm#situation ,pm#situation ) (^in WebKB, do not use these relations, use their inverses^) > pm#previous_situation pm#beginning_situation pm#precondition pm#cause ; pm#previous_situation (pm#situation -> pm#situation ); pm#beginning_situation (pm#situation -> pm#situation ) - pm#ending_situation ; pm#precondition (pm#process ,pm#situation ) - pm#postcondition ; pm#cause (pm#situation ,pm#situation ) - pm#consequence ; pm#case_relation__thematic_relation (pm#situation ,*) > pm#doer/object/result/place pm#experiencer pm#relation_from_process_only dolce#participant ; pm#doer/object/result/place (pm#situation ,?) > pm#doer/object/result pm#from/to pm#place pm#path_length ; pm#doer/object/result (pm#situation ,?) > pm#agent pm#initiator pm#object/result ; pm#agent__doer (pm#situation [0..*], pm#entity [1..*]) > pm#organizer pm#participant pm#seller pm#customer ; pm#organizer (pm#situation ,pm#causal_entity ); pm#participant (pm#situation ,pm#causal_entity ); pm#seller__vendor__vender (pm#situation -> pm#goal_directed_agent ); pm#customer__client__buyer__purchaser__vendee (pm#situation ,pm#goal_directed_agent ); pm#initiator (pm#situation ,pm#causal_entity ); pm#object/result (pm#situation ,?) > pm#instrument pm#object pm#result ; pm#instrument (pm#situation ,pm#entity ); pm#object__patient__theme (pm#situation ,?) > pm#input pm#input_output ; pm#input (pm#process ,?) > pm#material pm#parameter ; pm#material (pm#process ,?); pm#parameter (pm#process ,?); pm#input_output (pm#process ,?) > pm#modified_object pm#deleted_object ; pm#modified_object (pm#process ,?) > pm#muted_object ; pm#muted_object (pm#process ,?); pm#deleted_object (pm#process ,?); pm#result (pm#situation ,?) > pm#output ; pm#output (pm#process ,?); pm#from/to (pm#situation ,pm#entity ) > pm#source pm#recipient pm#from/to_place ; pm#source (pm#situation ,pm#causal_entity ); pm#recipient (pm#situation ,pm#entity ) > pm#beneficiary ; pm#beneficiary (pm#situation ,pm#causal_entity ); pm#from/to_place (pm#process -> pm#spatial_object ) > pm#from_place pm#to_place pm#via_place pm#path ; pm#from_place (pm#process -> pm#spatial_object ); pm#to_place__destination (pm#process -> pm#spatial_object ); pm#via_place__via (pm#process -> pm#spatial_object ); pm#path (pm#process -> pm#spatial_object ); pm#path_length (pm#process -> pm#spatial_attribute_or_measure ); pm#place (pm#situation -> pm#spatial_object ); pm#experiencer (pm#situation ,pm#causal_entity ); pm#relation_from_process_only (pm#process ,?) > pm#purpose pm#triggering_event pm#ending_event pm#precondition pm#postcondition pm#input pm#input_output pm#sub_process pm#method pm#from/to_place pm#process_attribute ; pm#purpose (pm#process ,pm#situation ); pm#triggering_event (pm#process ,pm#event ); pm#ending_event (pm#process ,pm#event ); pm#sub_process (pm#process ,pm#process ); pm#method (pm#process ,pm#description ); pm#process_attribute (pm#process ,pm#process_attribute_or_measure ) > pm#manner ; dolce#participant__participation__PC (pm#situation ,dolce#endurant ) (^the DOLCE predicate PC(x,y,t) means "x participates in y during t" but this relation respects the usual reading conventions: the source object has for participant the destination object^) > dolce#constant_participant ; dolce#constant_participant__PC.C (pm#situation ,dolce#endurant ); pm#within_group (pm#situation ,pm#collection ); pm#spatial_relation_from_entity_with_spatial_feature (sumo#object ,*) > pm#relation_from_spatial_object sumo#front_fn sumo#back_fn sumo#part sumo#contains sumo#partly_located sumo#between sumo#traverses sumo#where_fn sumo#distance sumo#larger sumo#smaller sumo#connected sumo#connects sumo#mereological_sum_fn sumo#mereological_product_fn sumo#mereological_difference_fn sumo#hole sumo#hole_host_fn sumo#partially_fills sumo#hole_skin_fn sumo#orientation ; //to do: check transitivity pm#relation_from_spatial_object (pm#spatial_object ,*) > pm#relation_to_another_spatial_object /*pm#spatial_attribute */ pm#facility ; pm#relation_to_another_spatial_object (pm#spatial_object ,pm#spatial_object) > pm#location pm#spatial_part ; pm#location (pm#spatial_object ,pm#spatial_object ) > pm#address pm#above pm#below pm#near pm#far_from pm#exterior pm#interior pm#before_location ; pm#address (pm#spatial_object -> pm#spatial_object ) > {pm#main_address pm#secondary_address }; pm#above (pm#spatial_object -> pm#spatial_object ) > pm#on , - pm#below ; pm#near (pm#spatial_object -> pm#spatial_object ) > pm#touching , - pm#far_from ; pm#exterior__in (pm#spatial_object -> pm#spatial_object ) - pm#interior ; pm#before_location__before (pm#spatial_object ,pm#spatial_object ); pm#spatial_part (pm#spatial_object ,pm#spatial_object ) > pm#physical_part ; pm#physical_part (pm#physical_entity ,pm#physical_entity ); pm#facility (pm#spatial_object ,?); sumo#front_fn (sumo#self_connected_object -> sumo#self_connected_object ) (^a function that maps an object to the side that generally receives the most attention or that typically faces the direction in which the object moves; note that this is a partial function, since some objects do not have sides, e.g. apples and spheres; note too that the range of this function is indefinite in much the way that immediate_future_fn and immediate_past_fn are indefinite; although this indefiniteness is undesirable from a theoretical standpoint, it does not have significant practical implications, since there is widespread intersubjective agreement about the most common cases^); sumo#back_fn (sumo#self_connected_object -> sumo#self_connected_object ) (^a function that maps an object to the side that is opposite the front_fn of the object; note that this is a partial function, since some objects do not have sides, e.g. apples and spheres; note too that the range of this function is indefinite in much the way that immediate_future_fn and immediate_past_fn are indefinite; although this indefiniteness is undesirable from a theoretical standpoint, it does not have significant practical implications, since there is widespread intersubjective agreement about the most common cases^); pm#relation_from_collection (pm#collection ,*) > pm#member kif#nthrest pm#size pm#minimal_size pm#maximal_size pm#percentage pm#average pm#relation_to_another_ontology pm#relation_to_another_collection pm#relation_from_type ; pm#member (pm#collection ,*) > pm#reverse_of_KIF_member pm#item rdf#li kif#first kif#last kif#butlast kif#nth ; pm#reverse_of_KIF_member (kif#set ,?) (^if the common reading conventions of parameters had been respected in KIF , this type would not exist^) - kif#member ; pm#item (kif#list ,?) > rdf#item , - kif#item ; rdf#item (rdf#list ,?) (^for item(L,I) read: I is an item in L; either first(L,I) or item(R,I) where rest(L,R)^); rdf#li (pm#collection ,*); kif#first (kif#list -> ?) > rdf#first ; rdf#first (rdf#list -> ?); kif#last (kif#list -> ?); kif#butlast (kif#list -> ?); kif#nth (kif#list ,kif#positive -> ?); kif#nthrest (kif#list ,kif#natural -> kif#list ); pm#size__number_of_elements (pm#collection -> kif#natural ) > kif#length ; kif#length (kif#list -> kif#natural ); pm#minimal_size (pm#collection -> kif#natural ); pm#maximal_size (pm#collection -> kif#natural ); pm#percentage (pm#collection -> kif#number ); pm#average (pm#number_container -> kif#number ) (^to specify an average on the values^); pm#relation_to_another_ontology (pm#ontology ,pm#ontology ) > owl#backward_compatible_with owl#incompatible_with owl#prior_version ; pm#relation_to_another_collection (pm#collection ,pm#collection +) > pm#sub_collection pm#overlapping_collection pm#not_overlapping_collection kif#rest kif#append kif#revappend kif#reverse pm#relation_to_another_set_or_class ; pm#sub_collection (pm#collection ,pm#collection ) (^a partial order relation^) > {pm#ending_collection kif#sublist }; pm#ending_collection (pm#collection ,pm#collection ) > pm#ending_list ; pm#ending_list (pm#collection ,pm#collection ); kif#sublist__ending_list_of (kif#list ,kif#list ) (^USE pm#ending_list INSTEAD OF THIS RELATION TYPE; "sublist" is a misleading name; "ending_list_of" is better^); pm#overlapping_collection (pm#collection ,pm#collection ); pm#not_overlapping_collection (pm#collection ,pm#collection ) > pm#collection_complement ; pm#collection_complement (pm#collection ,pm#collection ); kif#rest (kif#list -> kif#list ) > rdf#rest ; rdf#rest (rdf#list -> rdf#list ); kif#append (kif#list ,kif#list -> kif#list ); kif#revappend (kif#list ,kif#list -> kif#list ); kif#reverse (kif#list -> kif#list ); pm#relation_to_another_set_or_class (sumo#set_or_class ,sumo#set_or_class ) (^this category mainly groups SUMO relations between classes which, since their the signatures curiously also involve sets, cannot be subtype of pm#relation_from_type^) > rdfs#sub_class_of sumo#subclass sumo#disjoint ; rdfs#sub_class_of__super_class (sumo#class ,sumo#class ) (^in WebKB, use the link '<'^) = daml#sub_class_of (daml); sumo#subclass (sumo#set_or_class ,sumo#set_or_class ) (^if the common reading conventions of parameters had been respected, this type would have been named subclass_of; every instance of the source is also an instance of the destination; a class may have multiple superclasses and subclasses^) > sumo#immediate_subclass ; sumo#immediate_subclass (sumo#set_or_class ,sumo#set_or_class ) (^the source is a subclass of the destination and there is no other subclass of the destination such that the source is also a subclass of it; in WebKB, use the link '<'^); sumo#disjoint (sumo#set_or_class ,sumo#set_or_class ) (^classes are exclusive/disjoint only if they share no instance (and hence no subtype), i.e. just in case the result of applying sumo#intersection_fn to them is empty^) > pm#exclusive_class , % sumo#disjoint_relation ; //this related_to link is from SUMO pm#exclusive_class (sumo#class ,sumo#class ) (^the 2 classes have no common subtype/instance; in WebKB, use the link '!'^) > pm#complement_class , = owl#disjoint_with ; pm#complement_class (sumo#class -> sumo#class ) (^if something is not in one of the classes, then it is in the other, and vice versa; in WebKB, use the link '/'^) = owl#complement_of ; pm#relation_from_type (pm#type ,*) (^type of relations from a concept/relation type, i.e. in RDFS terminology, from a class or a property^) > pm#specializing_type pm#supertype pm#exclusive_type pm#relation_from_relation_type pm#relation_from_class pm#relation_from_type_to_collection; pm#specializing_type (pm#type ,?) > pm#instance pm#subtype , - pm#generalizing_type ; pm#instance (pm#type ,?) (^the ':' link in the FT notation^) - pm#kind ; pm#subtype__subtype_or_equal (pm#type ,pm#type ) (^subtype links should actually be strict subtype links or not much checking can be done^) > pm#strict_subtype dolce#subsumes_leaf , - pm#supertype , = dolce#subsumes__SB ; pm#strict_subtype (pm#type ,pm#type ) (^the '>' link in the FT notation^) > dolce#properly_subsumes_leaf , = dolce#properly_subsumes__PSB ; dolce#properly_subsumes_leaf__PSBL (pm#type ,pm#type ) (^the destination type is a leaf type properly subsumed by the source type^); dolce#subsumes_leaf__SBL (pm#type ,pm#type ) (^the destination type is a leaf type subsumed by the source type^) > dolce#properly_subsumes_leaf ; pm#supertype (pm#type ,pm#type ) (^in the FT notation, the '<' link is only used to connect to a "strict" supertype^) > rdfs#sub_class_of sumo#subrelation , - pm#subtype ; sumo#subrelation (pm#relation_type ,pm#relation_type ) (^if the common reading conventions of parameters had been respected, this type would have been named subclass_of; every tuple of the source (r1) is also a tuple of the destination (r2), i.e. if r1 holds for some arguments arg_1, arg_2, ... arg_n, then the r2 holds for the same arguments; a consequence of this is that a relation and its subrelations must have the same valence^) > rdfs#sub_property_of , = cyc#genl_preds ; rdfs#sub_property_of (pm#binary_relation_type ,pm#binary_relation_type ) (^in WebKB, use the link '<'^) = daml#sub_property_of (daml); pm#exclusive_type (pm#type ,pm#type ) (^in WebKB, use the '!' link^) > pm#exclusive_class pm#closed_exclusion , = dolce#disjoint__DJ ; pm#closed_exclusion (pm#type -> pm#type ) (^the '/' link in the FT notation: the two linked types either are respectively identical to pm#thing and pm#nothing (they are "complement types") or they subtype a same type and form a complete subtype partition^) > pm#complement_type ; pm#complement_type (pm#type -> pm#type ) (^a supertype of owl#complement_of which can only connect RDFS/OWL classes^) > pm#complement_class ; pm#relation_from_relation_type (pm#relation_type ,*) > pm#relation_from_binary_relation_type sumo#range sumo#range_subclass sumo#valence ; pm#relation_from_binary_relation_type (pm#binary_relation_type ,*) > pm#relation_to_another_binary_relation_type rdfs#domain rdfs#range ; pm#relation_to_another_binary_relation_type (pm#binary_relation_type ,pm#binary_relation_type) > owl#equivalent_property rdfs#sub_property_of pm#inverse ; owl#equivalent_property (pm#binary_relation_type ,pm#binary_relation_type ) (^in WebKB, use the link '='^) = daml#same_property_as ; pm#inverse__reverse (pm#binary_relation_type -> pm#binary_relation_type ) (^for inverseOf(R,S) read: R is the inverse of S; i.e. if R(x,y) then S(y,x) and vice versa; in WebKB, use the link '-'^) = sumo#inverse owl#inverse_of ; rdfs#domain (pm#binary_relation_type ,sumo#class ) = daml#domain (daml); rdfs#range (pm#binary_relation_type ,sumo#class ) = daml#range (daml); sumo#range (pm#function_type ,sumo#set_or_class ) (^gives the range of a function, i.e. all of the values assigned by the function are instances of sumo#class^); sumo#range_subclass (pm#function_type ,sumo#set_or_class ) (^all of the values assigned by the function in the 1st argument are subclasses of the 2nd argment^); sumo#valence (pm#relation_type ,sumo#positive_integer ) (^specifies the number of arguments that a relation can take; if a relation does not have a fixed number of arguments, it does not have a valence and it is an instance of variable_arity_relation, e.g. sumo#holds is a variable_arity_relation^); pm#relation_from_class (sumo#class ,*) > pm#relation_from_class_to_collection pm#relation_from_restriction pm#wnObject pm#wnNounType ; pm#relation_from_class_to_collection (sumo#class ,pm#collection ) > pm#relation_to_another_class owl#union_of owl#intersection_of owl#one_of owl#distinct_members ; pm#relation_to_another_class (sumo#class ,sumo#class ) > owl#equivalent_class rdfs#sub_class_of pm#exclusive_class daml#restricted_by ; owl#equivalent_class (sumo#class ,sumo#class ) (^in WebKB, use the link '='^) = daml#same_class_as ; daml#restricted_by (sumo#class ,owl#restriction ); owl#union_of (sumo#class ,rdf#list ) (^for unionOf(X,Y) read: X is the union of the classes in the list Y; i.e. if something is in any of the classes in Y, it's in X, and vice versa^) > daml#disjoint_union_of ; daml#disjoint_union_of (sumo#class ,rdf#list ) (^for disjointUnionOf(X,Y) read: X is the disjoint union of the classes in the list Y: (a) for any c1 and c2 in Y, disjointWith(c1,c2), and (b) i.e. if something is in any of the classes in Y, it's in X, and vice versa^); owl#intersection_of (sumo#class ,rdf#list ) (^for intersectionOf(X,Y) read: X is the intersection of the classes in the list Y; i.e. if something is in all the classes in Y, then it's in X, and vice versa^); owl#one_of (sumo#class ,rdf#list ) (^for oneOf(C,L) read everything in C is one of the things in L^); owl#distinct_members (owl#all_different ,rdf#list ); pm#relation_from_restriction (owl#restriction ,*) > owl#on_property owl#all_values_from owl#has_value owl#some_values_from daml#has_class_q owl#cardinality daml#cardinality_q owl#min_cardinality daml#min_cardinality_q owl#max_cardinality daml#max_cardinality_q ; owl#on_property (owl#restriction ,pm#binary_relation_type ) (^for onProperty(R,P), read: R is a restricted with respect to property P^); owl#all_values_from (owl#restriction ,sumo#class ) (^for onProperty(R,P) and toClass(R,X), read: i is in class R if and only if for all j, P(i,j) implies type(j,X)^) = daml#to_class ; owl#has_value (owl#restriction ,?) (^for onProperty(R,P) and hasValue(R,V), read: i is in class R if and only if P(i,V); toValue is an obsolete name^) = owl#to_value ; owl#some_values_from (owl#restriction ,sumo#class ) (^for onProperty(R,P) and hasClass(R,X), read: i is in class R if and only if for some j, P(i,j) and type(j,X)^) = daml#has_class ; daml#has_class_q (owl#restriction ,sumo#class ) (^property for specifying class restriction with cardinalityQ constraints^); owl#cardinality (owl#restriction -> kif#natural ) (^for onProperty(R,P) and cardinality(R,n), read: i is in class R if and only if there are exactly n distinct j with P(i,j)^); daml#cardinality_q (owl#restriction -> kif#natural ) (^for onProperty(R,P), cardinalityQ(R,n) and hasClassQ(R,X), read: i is in class R if and only if there are exactly n distinct j with P(i,j) and type(j,X)^); owl#min_cardinality (owl#restriction -> kif#natural ) (^for onProperty(R,P) and minCardinality(R,n), read: i is in class R if and only if there are at least n distinct j with P(i,j)^); daml#min_cardinality_q (owl#restriction -> kif#natural ) (^for onProperty(R,P), minCardinalityQ(R,n) and hasClassQ(R,X), read: i is in class R if and only if there are at least n distinct j with P(i,j)^); owl#max_cardinality (owl#restriction -> kif#natural ) (^for onProperty(R,P) and maxCardinality(R,n), read: i is in class R if and only if there are at most n distinct j with P(i,j)^); daml#max_cardinality_q (owl#restriction ,kif#natural ) (^for onProperty(R,P), maxCardinalityQ(R,n) and hasClassQ(R,X), read: i is in class R if and only if there are at most n distinct j with P(i,j) and type(j,X)^); pm#wnObject (sumo#class ,?); pm#wnNounType (sumo#class ,?); pm#relation_from_type_to_collection (pm#type ,pm#collection ) > pm#partition pm#instances pm#subtypes pm#relation_from_class_to_collection ; pm#partition (pm#type ,pm#collection ) = dolce#partition__PT ; pm#instances (pm#type -> pm#collection ); pm#subtypes (pm#type -> pm#collection ); pm#relation_from_description_content/medium/container (pm#description_content/medium/container ,*) > pm#relation_from_description pm#version dc#Coverage dc#Contributor dc#Source dc#Publisher dc#Rights pm#authoring_time pm#author dc#Language dc#Format pm#description_instrument pm#description_object pm#physical_support pm#rhetorical_relation pm#argumentation_relation ; pm#relation_from_description (pm#description ,*) > pm#descr_container pm#logical_relation pm#contextualizing_relation ; pm#logical_relation (pm#description ,pm#description ) > pm#and pm#contextualizing_logical_relation ; pm#and (pm#description ,pm#description ); pm#contextualizing_logical_relation (pm#description ,pm#description ) > pm#or pm#xor pm#implication ; pm#or (pm#description ,pm#description ); pm#xor__either (pm#description ,pm#description ); pm#implication__then__therefore (pm#description ,pm#description ) > pm#equivalence sumo#entails ; pm#equivalence__equivalentTo__iff (pm#description ,pm#description ); sumo#entails (sumo#formula ,sumo#formula ) (^the second argument is logically entailed from the first by means of the proof theory of SUO-KIF^); pm#contextualizing_relation (pm#description ,*) > pm#contextualizing_logical_relation pm#modality pm#believer pm#corrective_specialization pm#corrective_generalization pm#correction pm#overriding_specialization ; pm#modality (pm#description ,pm#modality_measure ); pm#believer (pm#description ,pm#causal_entity ); pm#corrective_specialization (pm#description ,pm#description ); pm#corrective_generalization (pm#description ,pm#description ); pm#correction (pm#description ,pm#description ); pm#overriding_specialization (pm#description ,pm#description ); pm#version (pm#description_content/medium/container ,pm#description_content/medium/container ) > pm#ascii_content ; pm#ascii_content (pm#description_content/medium/container ,pm#string ) > pm#exact_ascii_content pm#ascii_content_except_for_spaces ; dc#Coverage__coverage (pm#description_content/medium/container ,?) (^to specify 1 or several topics^); dc#Contributor__contributor (pm#description_content/medium/container ,pm#entity ) (^to specify an entity responsible for making contributions to the content of a resource^); dc#Source__source (pm#description_content/medium/container ,pm#entity ) (^to specify a resource from which a resource is derived^); dc#Publisher__publisher (pm#description_content/medium/container ,pm#entity ) (^to specify an entity responsible for making a resource available^); dc#Rights__rights (pm#description_content/medium/container ,pm#entity ) (^to specify rights held in and over a resource^); pm#authoring_time (pm#description_content/medium/container -> pm#time_measure ) > pm#authoring_date ; pm#authoring_date (pm#description_content/medium/container -> pm#time_measure ); pm#author (pm#description ,pm#causal_entity ) > pm#main_author pm#co-author , = tap#has_author ; dc#Language (pm#description_content/medium/container -> pm#entity ) (^to specify a language for the content of a resource^) > pm#language ; pm#language (pm#description_content/medium/container -> pm#description_medium ); dc#Format (pm#description_content/medium/container -> pm#entity ) (^to specify the physical or digital manifestation of a resource; in WebKB, this relation type SHOULD NOT BE USED; see pm#format, pm#description_instrument and pm#descr instead^) > pm#format ; pm#format (pm#description_content/medium/container -> pm#description_content/medium/container ); pm#description_instrument__descr_instrument (pm#description_content/medium/container ,pm#description_medium ) > pm#language ; pm#description_object__descr_object (pm#description_content/medium/container ,?) (^just for documentation: its reverse, pm#descr, should be used instead^); pm#physical_support__description_physical_support__descr_physical_support__descr_support (pm#description_content/medium/container ,pm#physical_entity ); pm#rhetorical_relation (pm#description_content/medium/container ,pm#description ); pm#argumentation_relation (pm#description_content/medium/container ,pm#description_content/medium/container ) > pm#answer pm#contribution pm#replacement pm#confirmation pm#reference pm#argument pm#contradiction ; pm#answer (pm#description_content/medium/container ,pm#description_content/medium/container ); pm#contribution (pm#description_content/medium/container ,pm#description_content/medium/container ); pm#replacement (pm#description_content/medium/container ,pm#description_content/medium/container ); pm#confirmation (pm#description_content/medium/container ,pm#description_content/medium/container ); pm#reference (pm#description_content/medium/container ,pm#description_content/medium/container ); pm#argument (pm#description_content/medium/container ,pm#description_content/medium/container ) > pm#weak_argument pm#strong_argument pm#example ; pm#weak_argument (pm#description_content/medium/container ,pm#description_content/medium/container ); pm#strong_argument (pm#description_content/medium/container ,pm#description_content/medium/container ) > pm#proof ; pm#proof (pm#description_content/medium/container ,pm#description_content/medium/container ); pm#example (pm#description_content/medium/container ,pm#description_content/medium/container ); pm#contradiction (pm#description_content/medium/container ,pm#description_content/medium/container ); pm#relation_to_situation (*,pm#situation ) (^in WebKB, prefer using relations "from" a situation^) > {pm#relation_from_time_measure_to_situation pm#relation_from_situation_to_situation }; pm#relation_from_time_measure_to_situation (pm#time_measure ,pm#situation ); pm#relation_to_entity_with_spatial_feature (*,sumo#object ) > pm#relation_to_spatial_object ; pm#relation_to_spatial_object (*,pm#spatial_object ) (^in WebKB, prefer using relations "from" a spatial object^) > pm#relation_to_another_spatial_object ; pm#relation_to_time_measure (*,pm#time_measure ) > pm#relation_from_situation_to_time_measure pm#relation_from_time_measure_to_time_measure pm#relation_from_physical_entity_to_time_measure ; pm#relation_from_time_measure_to_time_measure (pm#time_measure ,pm#time_measure ) > pm#near_time pm#before pm#after ; pm#before (pm#time_measure ,pm#time_measure ) - pm#after ; pm#relation_from_physical_entity_to_time_measure (pm#physical_entity -> pm#time_measure ) > pm#check-in pm#check-out ; pm#relation_to_collection (*,pm#collection ) > pm#relation_to_another_collection pm#relation_to_type pm#member_of kif#list_of kif#set_of pm#parts pm#relation_from_type_to_collection kif#item pm#function_returning_a_collection_from_2_elements ; pm#relation_to_type (*,pm#type ) > pm#relation_to_class; pm#relation_to_class (*,sumo#class ); // > pm#menu; pm#member_of (*,pm#collection ) (^this type SHOULD NOT BE USED IN WEBKB (its inverse may be used); this type is only provided for knowledge sharing purposes^) > kif#member ; kif#member (?,kif#set ) (^this type SHOULD NOT BE USED IN WEBKB: if the common reading conventions of parameters had been respected, the parameters would be swapped or the type would be named member_of^); kif#list_of (* -> pm#collection ) = kif#listof ; kif#set_of (* -> pm#collection ) = kif#setof ; pm#parts (*,pm#collection ); kif#item (?,kif#list ) (^USE pm#item INSTEAD OF THIS RELATION TYPE: if the common reading conventions of parameters had been respected, the parameters would be swapped or the type would be named item_of^) - pm#item (pm); pm#function_returning_a_collection_from_2_elements (?,? -> pm#collection ) > kif#cons kif#adjoin kif#remove ; kif#cons (?,kif#list -> kif#list ); kif#adjoin (?,kif#list -> kif#list ); kif#remove (?,kif#list -> kif#list ); pm#attributive_relation (*) (^like pm#binary_relation, this type mostly exists to classify what cannot be classified elsewhere^) > {pm#owner pm#owner_of pm#seller pm#customer pm#generator pm#creator pm#origin pm#measure pm#attribute pm#name dc#Date rdf#value pm#rdf_reification_relation dolce#qt dolce#ql }; pm#owner (? -> pm#causal_entity ); pm#owner_of (pm#causal_entity , ?) - pm#owner ; //pm#seller__vendor__vender (? -> pm#goal_directed_agent ); //pm#customer__client__buyer__purchaser__vendee (?,pm#goal_directed_agent ); pm#generator (? -> pm#causal_entity ) > pm#parent ; pm#creator (pm#entity ,pm#entity ) > dc#Creator ; dc#Creator__creator (pm#entity ,pm#entity ) (^to specify an entity primarily responsible for making the content of a resource^) > pm#author (pm); pm#origin (?,?) > pm#cuisine_origin ; //pm#cuisine_origin (pm#meal_shop ,?); pm#measure (pm#attribute_or_measure ,pm#attribute_or_measure ) (^e.g. [a weight, measure: 75 kg]^); pm#attribute (?,pm#attribute_or_measure ) (^e.g. [a car, attribute: a weight]^); /* > pm#spatial_attribute pm#physical_attribute pm#process_attribute pm#social_attribute ; pm#spatial_attribute (pm#spatial_object ,pm#spatial_attribute_or_measure ); pm#physical_attribute (pm#physical_entity ,pm#physical_attribute_or_measure ) (^it is better to use WordNet types as relations (when allowed) than subtype such a type^); pm#social_attribute (pm#causal_entity ,pm#social_attribute_or_measure ); */ pm#name (?,?) > dc#Title dc#Identifier rdfs#label tap#plural tap#singular ; dc#Title__title (? -> pm#entity ) (^to specify a name of a resource^) = tap#title (tap); dc#Identifier__identifier (? -> pm#string ) (^to specify a reference that is unambiguous within a given context; SHOULD NOT BE USED IN WEBKB^); rdfs#label (?,pm#string ) (^in WebKB, with FO, use the link '_'^) = daml#label (daml); tap#plural (?,pm#string ) (^to specify plural names; do not use in WebKB^); tap#singular (?,pm#string ) (^to specify singular names; do not use in WebKB^); dc#Date__date (? -> pm#entity ) (^to specify a date associated with an event in the life cycle of a resource; in WebKB, pm#time or other MORE PRECISE RELATIONS SHOULD BE USED INSTEAD^) > pm#date pm#authoring_time pm#publish_date ; rdf#value (?,? ) (^principal value (usually a string) of a property when the property value is a structured resource (e.g. "2 kg" or " 020 in Dewey Decimal Code")^) = daml#value (daml); pm#rdf_reification_relation (?,?) > rdf#predicate rdf#subject rdf#object ; rdf#predicate (rdf#statement -> pm#binary_relation_type ) (^the property used in a statement when representing the statement in reified form^); rdf#subject (rdf#statement -> ?) (^resource that a statement is describing when representing the statement in reified form^); rdf#object (? -> ?) (^object of a statement when representing the statement in reified form^); dolce#qt__quality (dolce#quality_or_endurant_or_perdurant ,dolce#quality ) (^the DOLCE predicate qt(x,y,t) means "x is a quality of y" but this relation respects the usual reading conventions: the source object has for quality the destination object^) > dolce#direct_quality ; dolce#direct_quality__dqt (dolce#quality_or_endurant_or_perdurant ,dolce#quality ) (^the DOLCE predicate dqt(x,y,t) means "x is a direct quality of y" (not a quality of a quality of x) but this relation respects the usual reading conventions: the source object has for direct quality the destination object^); dolce#ql__quale (dolce#quality ,dolce#region ) (^the DOLCE predicate ql(x,y,t) means "x is a quale of y" but this relation respects the usual reading conventions: the source object has for quale the destination object^); pm#mereological_relation (?,?) > pm#part pm#part_of pm#overlap_with pm#parts ; pm#part (?,?) > {pm#sub_situation pm#spatial_part dolce#non-physical_endurant_part dolce#abstract_part } pm#sub_collection pm#main_part pm#first_part pm#last_part dolce#proper_part dolce#atomic_part dolce#constant_part , = dolce#part__parthood__P ; /*dolce#part__parthood__P (dolce#abstract_or_perdurant,dolce#abstract_or_perdurant ) (^the DOLCE predicate P(x,y) means "x is part of y" but this relation respects the usual reading conventions: the source object has for part the destination object; all part links should actually be proper_part links or not much checking can be done^)*/ pm#sub_situation (pm#situation ,pm#situation ) > pm#sub_process dolce#temporal_part dolce#spatial_part ; dolce#temporal_part__P.T (pm#situation ,pm#situation ); dolce#spatial_part__P.S (pm#situation ,pm#situation ); dolce#non-physical_endurant_part (dolce#non-physical_endurant ,dolce#non-physical_endurant ); dolce#abstract_part (dolce#abstract ,dolce#abstract ) > dolce#physical_region_part ; dolce#physical_region_part (dolce#physical_region ,dolce#physical_region ); pm#first_part (?,?) > kif#first ; pm#last_part (?,?) > kif#last ; dolce#proper_part__PP (?,?) (^a subpart (different from the whole)^); dolce#atomic_part__AtP (?,?) (^an undivisible part^); dolce#constant_part__CP (?,?) (^the destination object is a part that does not change in time^); pm#part_of (?,?) (^this type SHOULD NOT BE USED IN WEBKB (its inverse may be used); this type is only provided for knowledge sharing purposes^) - pm#part ; pm#overlap_with (?,?) > dolce#overlap ; dolce#overlap__O (dolce#abstract_or_perdurant ,dolce#abstract_or_perdurant ); pm#relation_with_common_mathematical_property (*) > pm#binary_relation_with_common_mathematical_property ; pm#binary_relation_with_common_mathematical_property (?,?) > pm#functional_binary_relation pm#injective_binary_relation pm#reflexive_relation pm#trichotomizing_relation pm#irreflexive_relation pm#symmetric_relation pm#antisymmetric_relation pm#transitive_relation pm#intransitive_relation ; pm#reflexive_relation (?,?) (^this category only serves structuration purposes: it is instance of pm#reflexive_relation_type which is not instance of pm#class_of_inheritable_relation_type^) > pm#equivalence_relation pm#partial_ordering_relation sumo#overlaps_temporally sumo#connected sumo#overlaps_spatially ; pm#equivalence_relation (?,?) (^this category only serves structuration purposes: it is instance of pm#equivalence_relation_type which is not instance of pm#class_of_inheritable_relation_type^) > pm#similar pm#equal pm#equivalence sumo#copy sumo#equivalent_content_class sumo#equivalent_content_instance sumo#cooccur sumo#family_relation ; // - pm#equivalence_relation ; pm#similar (?,?) (^DO NOT USE SUCH A RELATION TYPE DIRECTLY^) > {pm#closely_similar pm#loosely_similar } pm#related_to ; pm#closely_similar (?,?) (^the '~' link in WebKB-2: currently only used between categories for Greek gods and their Roman counterparts, and between some types from the 3D (endurantist) approach and their counterparts from the 4D (perdurantist) approach or the ?D (vague/unspecified) approach)^); pm#related_to (?,?) (^the '%' link in WebKB-2 (currently only for representing a sumo#related_internal_concept relation)^) > sumo#related_internal_concept , % sumo#related_external_concept ; sumo#related_internal_concept (?,?) (^the two arguments are related concepts within the SUMO, i.e. there is a significant similarity of meaning between them; to indicate a meaning relation between a SUMO concept and a concept from another source, use sumo#related_external_concept^); pm#equal (?,?) (^"=" in KIF; true if the source is identical to the destination^) > owl#same_as , ! pm#different , = sumo#equal ; owl#same_as (?,?) (^MORE PRECISE TYPES THAN THIS ONE SHOULD BE USED^) > pm#same_type_as owl#same_individual_as , = daml#equivalent_to ; pm#same_type_as (pm#type ,pm#type ) > {owl#equivalent_class owl#equivalent_property }, = dolce#equal__EQ ; owl#same_individual_as (?,?) ! owl#different_from ; pm#partial_ordering_relation (?,?) (^this category only serves structuration purposes: it is instance of pm#partial_ordering_relation_type which is not instance of pm#class_of_inheritable_relation_type^) > pm#total_ordering_relation pm#inferior_or_equal_to pm#superior_or_equal_to pm#generalizing_type sumo#subclass pm#specializing_type pm#constitution pm#part pm#wnMember pm#sub_collection sumo#sub_attribute sumo#part sumo#sub_collection sumo#less_than_or_equal_to sumo#greater_than_or_equal_to sumo#sub_list sumo#initial_list sumo#subsumes_content_class sumo#subsumes_content_instance sumo#temporal_part sumo#before_or_equal sumo#sub_process sumo#sub_organization sumo#geometric_part ; pm#total_ordering_relation (?,?) (^this category only serves structuration purposes: it is instance of pm#total_ordering_relation_type which is not instance of pm#class_of_inheritable_relation_type^) > pm#inferior_to pm#superior_to pm#before pm#after pm#before_location ; pm#inferior_to__less_than__superior (?,?) (^fuzzy category, DO NOT USE DIRECTLY^) - pm#superior_or_equal_to ; pm#superior_to__more_than__inferior (?,?) (^fuzzy category, DO NOT USE DIRECTLY^) - pm#inferior_or_equal_to ; pm#inferior_or_equal_to__less_than_or_equal_to__superior_or_equal__maximum (?,?) (^fuzzy category, DO NOT USE DIRECTLY^) - pm#superior_to ; pm#superior_or_equal_to__more_than_or_equal_to__inferior_or_equal__minimum (?,?) (^fuzzy category, DO NOT USE DIRECTLY^) - pm#inferior_to ; pm#generalizing_type (?,pm#type ) (^fuzzy category, DO NOT USE DIRECTLY^) > pm#supertype pm#kind , - pm#specializing_type ; pm#constitution (?,?) > pm#substance dolce#constitution ; pm#substance (? -> ?) > pm#matter ; pm#matter (pm#physical_entity -> pm#physical_entity_part_or_substance ); dolce#constitution__K (dolce#endurant_or_perdurant ,dolce#endurant_or_perdurant ) (^the DOLCE predicate K(x,y,t) means "x constitutes y during t" but this relation respects the usual reading conventions: the source object has for constitution the destination object^) > {(dolce#perdurant_constitution dolce#physical_constitution dolce#non-physical_endurant_constitution )} dolce#direct_constitution dolce#constant_specific_constitution ; dolce#perdurant_constitution (pm#situation ,pm#situation ); dolce#physical_constitution (dolce#physical_endurant ,dolce#physical_endurant ); dolce#non-physical_endurant_constitution (dolce#non-physical_endurant ,dolce#non-physical_endurant ); dolce#direct_constitution__DK (dolce#endurant_or_perdurant ,dolce#endurant_or_perdurant ); dolce#constant_specific_constitution__SK (dolce#endurant_or_perdurant ,dolce#endurant_or_perdurant ); pm#wnMember (?,?) (^member relation in WordNet^) > pm#member ; sumo#sub_attribute (dolce#quality ,dolce#quality ) (^the second argument can be ascribed to everything which has the first argument ascribed to it^); pm#irreflexive_relation (?,?) (^this category only serves structuration purposes: it is instance of pm#irreflexive_relation_type which is not instance of pm#class_of_inheritable_relation_type^) > pm#asymmetric_relation sumo#successor_attribute_closure pm#different pm#inverse sumo#less_than sumo#greater_than sumo#increases_likelihood sumo#decreases_likelihood sumo#inhibits sumo#prevents sumo#sub_proposition sumo#sub_plan sumo#larger sumo#smaller sumo#starts sumo#finishes sumo#before sumo#during sumo#earlier sumo#meets_spatially sumo#overlaps_partially sumo#superficial_part sumo#connected_engineering_components sumo#ancestor sumo#sibling sumo#brother sumo#sister sumo#spouse ; pm#asymmetric_relation (?,?) (^this category only serves structuration purposes: it is instance of pm#asymmetric_relation_type which is not instance of pm#class_of_inheritable_relation_type^) > sumo#immediate_instance sumo#immediate_subclass sumo#range sumo#range_subclass sumo#valence sumo#documentation sumo#successor_attribute sumo#front_fn sumo#back_fn sumo#proper_part sumo#contains sumo#member sumo#contains_information sumo#leader sumo#attr sumo#manner sumo#probability_fn sumo#in_list sumo#closed_on sumo#reflexive_on sumo#irreflexive_on sumo#partial_ordering_on sumo#total_ordering_on sumo#trichotomizing_on sumo#equivalence_relation_on sumo#causes sumo#causes_subclass sumo#time sumo#holds_during sumo#exploits sumo#has_purpose sumo#has_skill sumo#crosses sumo#penetrates sumo#possesses sumo#precondition sumo#realization sumo#expressed_in_language sumo#uses sumo#identity_element sumo#element sumo#cardinality_fn sumo#measure sumo#duration sumo#frequency sumo#meets_temporally sumo#date sumo#surface sumo#interior_part sumo#hole sumo#hole_host_fn sumo#partially_fills sumo#properly_fills sumo#completely_fills sumo#fills sumo#hole_skin_fn sumo#geographic_subregion sumo#geopolitical_subdivision sumo#developmental_form sumo#inhabits sumo#authors sumo#editor sumo#publishes sumo#version sumo#parent sumo#husband sumo#wife sumo#citizen sumo#modal_attribute ; sumo#successor_attribute (dolce#quality ,dolce#quality ) (^the second argument is the attribute that comes immediately after the first on the scale that they share^); sumo#successor_attribute_closure (dolce#quality ,dolce#quality ) (^transitive closure of successor_attribute: there is a chain of sumo#successor_attribute assertions connecting the two arguments^); pm#different__different_from (?,?) > owl#different_from pm#exclusive_class , ! pm#equal ; owl#different_from (?,?) ! owl#same_individual_as , = daml#different_individual_from ; pm#symmetric_relation (?,?) (^this category only serves structuration purposes: it is instance of pm#symmetric_relation_type which is not instance of pm#class_of_inheritable_relation_type^) > pm#equivalence_relation pm#different sumo#independent_probability sumo#overlaps_temporally sumo#connected sumo#meets_spatially sumo#overlaps_spatially sumo#overlaps_partially sumo#connected_engineering_components sumo#sibling sumo#legal_relation sumo#spouse sumo#consistent ; pm#antisymmetric_relation (?,?) (^this category only serves structuration purposes: it is instance of pm#antisymmetric_relation_type which is not instance of pm#class_of_inheritable_relation_type^) > pm#asymmetric_relation pm#partial_ordering_relation pm#different sumo#partly_located sumo#located ; pm#transitive_relation (?,?)(^this category only serves structuration purposes: it is instance of pm#transitive_relation_type which is not instance of pm#class_of_inheritable_relation_type^) > pm#equivalence_relation pm#partial_ordering_relation sumo#successor_attribute_closure sumo#proper_part sumo#less_than sumo#greater_than sumo#located sumo#crosses sumo#precondition sumo#sub_proposition sumo#sub_plan sumo#larger sumo#smaller sumo#starts sumo#finishes sumo#before sumo#during sumo#earlier sumo#superficial_part sumo#interior_part sumo#geographic_subregion sumo#geopolitical_subdivision sumo#developmental_form sumo#version sumo#ancestor sumo#brother sumo#sister ; pm#intransitive_relation (?,?) (^this category only serves structuration purposes: it is instance of pm#intransitive_relation_type which is not instance of pm#class_of_inheritable_relation_type^) > pm#inverse sumo#immediate_instance sumo#immediate_subclass sumo#member sumo#penetrates sumo#element sumo#meets_temporally sumo#parent ; pm#binary_relation (?,?) (^in WebKB, most relation types are binary and some have a variable number of arguments (as in KIF), hence this type is currently only specialized by types that I do not want to see as direct subtypes of pm#relation^) > pm#unary_function dc#Relation {dc#Type dc#Description } pm#relation_from_or_to_WordNet_type ; pm#unary_function (? -> ?) (^function that requires a single argument; this category only serves structuration purposes: it is instance of pm#unary_function_type which is not instance of pm#class_of_inheritable_relation_type^) > sumo#power_set_fn sumo#front_fn sumo#back_fn sumo#abstraction_fn sumo#extension_fn sumo#probability_fn sumo#list_length_fn sumo#property_fn sumo#absolute_value_fn sumo#ceiling_fn sumo#cosine_fn sumo#denominator_fn sumo#floor_fn sumo#imaginary_part_fn sumo#integer_square_root_fn sumo#numerator_fn sumo#rational_number_fn sumo#real_number_fn sumo#reciprocal_fn sumo#round_fn sumo#signum_fn sumo#sine_fn sumo#square_root_fn sumo#tangent_fn sumo#successor_fn sumo#predecessor_fn sumo#complement_fn sumo#generalized_union_fn sumo#generalized_intersection_fn sumo#cardinality_fn sumo#kilo_fn sumo#mega_fn sumo#giga_fn sumo#tera_fn sumo#milli_fn sumo#micro_fn sumo#nano_fn sumo#pico_fn sumo#magnitude_fn sumo#wealth_fn sumo#begin_fn sumo#end_fn sumo#when_fn sumo#past_fn sumo#immediate_past_fn sumo#future_fn sumo#immediate_future_fn sumo#year_fn sumo#hole_host_fn sumo#hole_skin_fn sumo#immediate_family_fn sumo#government_fn sumo#premises_fn ; //to do: check transitivity sumo#power_set_fn (sumo#set_or_class -> sumo#set_or_class ) (^maps the argument to the set_or_class of all its subclasses^); //sumo#set_or_class has for instance sumo#set_or_class and its subclasses dc#Relation (?,?) (^to specify a reference to a related resource; in WebKB, pm#relation or MORE PRECISE RELATION TYPES SHOULD BE USED INSTEAD^) > rdfs#see_also (pm); dc#Type__type (?,pm#entity ) (^to specify the nature or genre of the content of a resource; SHOULD NOT BE USED IN WEBKB^) > sumo#instance (pm); sumo#instance (?, sumo#set_or_class ) (^if the common reading conventions of parameters had been respected, this type would have been named instance_of; an object is an instance of a set_or_class if it is included in that set_or_class; an individual may be an instance of many classes, some of which may be subclasses of others; thus, there is no assumption in the meaning of instance about specificity or uniqueness^) > pm#kind (pm) sumo#immediate_instance ; pm#kind__type__class__instance_of (?,sumo#class ) (^the '^' link in the FT notation^) - pm#instance, //pm#type? (pb in CGs) = rdf#type daml#type ; sumo#immediate_instance (?, sumo#set_or_class ) (^if the common reading conventions of parameters had been respected, this type would have been named immediate_instance_of; an object is an immediate_instance of a set_or_class if it is an instance of the set_or_class and there does not exist a subclass of set_or_class such that it is an instance of the subclass^); // [sumo#immediate_instance (*x,*c) => // ![a sumo#set_or_class *s, sumo#subclass: *c, sumo#instance of: *x] ] dc#Description (?,pm#entity ) (^to specify an account of the content of a resource; in WebKB, pm#topic or pmdescr SHOULD BE USED INSTEAD^) > pm#topic (pm) pm#url (pm) pm#file_or_file_element (pm) owl#version_info (pm) pm#title (pm) rdfs#comment (pm) rdfs#see_also (pm); pm#topic (?,?) > pm#descr dc#Subject ; pm#descr (?,pm#description_content/medium/container ) (^for connecting an object to a formal representation of it, e.g. a representation written with a fcg^); dc#Subject__subject (pm#description,pm#entity ) (^to specify 1 or several topics; in WebKB, pm#descr SHOULD BE USED INSTEAD^); pm#url (?,pm#URL ); pm#file_or_file_element (?,pm#description_container ) > pm#file pm#file_element pm#descr_in ; pm#file (?,pm#document_element ) > pm#home_page ; // pm#home_page (? -> pm#document_element ) // = tap#home_page ; pm#file_element (?,pm#document_element ); pm#descr_in (?,pm#description_container ) (^when a thing t has a description stored in a description container dc, there is a relation pm#descr_in from t to dc^) > pm#descr_container ; pm#descr_container__description_support__descr_support (pm#description,pm#description_container ) (^permits to associate a statement with an object on which it is represented^); owl#version_info (? -> pm#entity ) (^generally, a string giving information about this version; e.g. RCS/CVS keywords^); pm#title (? -> pm#string ) (^for connecting an object to its "title" in a natural language^); rdfs#comment (?,pm#string ) (^for connecting an object to an informal representation of it, typically a node with a string inside; in WebKB, the FT and FCG notations permit to avoid using this relation type^) = daml#comment (daml) tap#description (pm) sumo#documentation (pm); sumo#documentation (?,pm#string ) (^a relation between objects in the domain of discourse and strings of natural language text; the domain of this relation is not constants (names), but the objects themselves; this means that one does not quote the names when associating them with their documentation^); rdfs#see_also (?,pm#entity ) > rdfs#is_defined_by owl#imports , = daml#see_also (daml); rdfs#is_defined_by (?,pm#entity ) (^in WebKB, pm#definition SHOULD BE USED INSTEAD^) > pm#definition (pm) , = daml#is_defined_by (daml); pm#definition (?,pm#description ); owl#imports (?,pm#entity ) (^if imports(X,Y) and you believe X, then you should believe what is in Y^); pm#ternary_relation__ternary_only_relation (?,?,?) (^relation with a fixed arity equal to 3^) > pm#function_returning_a_collection_from_2_elements sumo#domain sumo#domain_subclass sumo#related_external_concept ; sumo#domain (pm#relation_type ,sumo#positive_integer ,sumo#set_or_class ) (^the formula (sumo#domain ?REL ?INT ?CLASS) means that the ?INT'th element of each tuple in the relation ?REL must be an instance of ?CLASS^); sumo#domain_subclass (pm#relation_type ,sumo#positive_integer ,sumo#set_or_class ) (^the formula (sumo#domainSubclass ?REL ?INT ?CLASS) means that the ?INT'th element of each tuple in the relation ?REL must be a subclass of ?CLASS^); sumo#related_external_concept (pm#string ,?,sumo#language ) (^used to signify a three-place relation between a concept in an external knowledge source, a concept in the SUMO, and the name of the other knowledge source^) > {sumo#synonymous_external_concept sumo#subsumed_external_concept sumo#subsuming_external_concept }; sumo#synonymous_external_concept (pm#string ,?,sumo#language ) (^the 2nd argument has the same meaning as the 1st in the language denoted by the 3rd argument^); sumo#subsumed_external_concept (pm#string ,?,sumo#language ) (^the 2nd argument is subsumed by the 1st in the language denoted by the 3rd argument^); sumo#subsuming_external_concept (pm#string ,?,sumo#language ) (^the 2nd argument subsumes the 1st in the language denoted by the 3rd argument^); pm#quaternary_relation__quaternary_only_relation (?,?,?) (^relation with a fixed arity equal to 4^) > kif#subst ; kif#subst (?,?,? -> ?); pm#relation_with_variable_arity (*) (^this category only serves structuration purposes: it is instance of pm#variable_arity_relation_type which is not instance of pm#class_of_inheritable_relation_type^) > sumo#disjoint_relation sumo#contrary_attribute sumo#exhaustive_attribute sumo#exhaustive_decomposition sumo#disjoint_decomposition sumo#partition sumo#assignment_fn sumo#holds sumo#list_fn sumo#greatest_common_divisor_fn sumo#least_common_multiple_fn ; sumo#disjoint_relation (pm#relation_type +) (^(sumo#disjointRelation @ROW) means that any two relations in @ROW have no tuples in common; as a consequence, the intersection of all of the relations in @ROW is the null set^); sumo#contrary_attribute (pm#attribute_class +) (^set of attributes such that something can not simultaneously have more than one of these attributes, e.g. (sumo#contrary_aAttribute sumo#pliable sumo#rigid) means that nothing can be both pliable and rigid^); sumo#exhaustive_attribute (sumo#set_or_class ,pm#attribute_class +) (^this predicate relates a class to several types of attributes, and it means that the elements of this set exhaust the instances of the class; for example, (sumo#exhaustiveAttribute sumo#physicalState sumo#solid sumo#fluid sumo#liquid sumo#gas) means that there are only three instances of the class sumo#physicalState, viz. sumo#solid, sumo#fluid, sumo#liquid, and sumo#gas^); sumo#exhaustive_decomposition (sumo#class ,sumo#class +) (^an exhaustive_decomposition of a class C is a set of subclasses of C such that every instance of C is an instance of one of the subclasses in the set; note: this does not necessarily mean that the elements of the set are disjoint (see sumo#partition - a partition is a disjoint exhaustive decomposition)^) % sumo#partition ; sumo#disjoint_decomposition (sumo#class ,sumo#class +) (^a disjoint_decomposition of a class C is a set of subclasses of C that are mutually disjoint^) % sumo#exhaustiveDecomposition sumo#disjoint ; sumo#partition (sumo#class ,sumo#class +) (^a partition of a class C is a set of mutually disjoint classes (a subclass partition) which covers C; every instance of C is an instance of exactly one of the subclasses in the partition^); sumo#assignment_fn (pm#function_type ,*) (^if F is a function with a value for the objects denoted by N1,..., NK, then (sumo#assignmentFn F N1 ... NK) is the value of applying F to the objects denoted by N1,..., NK; otherwise, the value is undefined^); sumo#holds (pm#relation_type ,*) (^(holds P N1 ... NK) is true just in case the tuple of objects denoted by N1,..., NK is an element of the relation P^); pm#relation_for_an_application (*) (^relation introduced by an application^);